https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=KarlSperling 2026-05-21T01:55:38Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.40.1 https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=Efficiency&diff=133 2024-09-12T14:10:19Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* Journal articles */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[REWARDheat education platform|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> == Projects ==<br /> === UpgradeDH ===<br /> <br /> The Upgrade DH project aims to improve the performance of district heating networks in Europe by supporting selected demonstration cases for upgrading, which can be replicated in Europe.<br /> <br /> * https://www.upgrade-dh.eu/en/home/<br /> <br /> === sEEnergies ===<br /> <br /> sEEnergies is a European Horizon2020 project with the overall aim to answer those questions. It quantifies and operationalizes the potential for energy efficiency in buildings, transport, and industry, considering all aspects of the Energy Efficiency First Principle.<br /> <br /> * https://www.seenergies.eu/<br /> <br /> == Publications ==<br /> === D2.1 REWARDHeat planning schemes database ===<br /> <br /> The deliverable serves as a database for literature review and best practice examples for ultra-low and neutral temperature district heating and cooling networks. Firstly, it provides detailed overview of existing knowledge and published research papers on the different related topics such as: renewable and urban waste heat sources, supply technologies, thermal networks, and end-user substations. Then, the overview of existing next-generation networks is presented, while focusing on their characteristics such as temperature regimes, thermal sources, network topology, etc. This information is organised as a publicly available database hosted on Zenodo platform, available on this link.<br /> <br /> * https://www.rewardheat.eu/Download?id=file:85791000&amp;s=8738463996438230606<br /> <br /> ===Journal articles ===<br /> <br /> * Lund, H., Østergaard, P. A., Chang, M., Werner, S., Svendsen, S., Sorknæs, P., Thorsen, J. E., Hvelplund, F., Mortensen, B. O. G., Mathiesen, B. V., Bojesen, C., Duic, N., Zhang, X., &amp; Möller, B. (2018). The status of 4th generation district heating: Research and results. Energy, 164, 147-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.206<br /> <br /> * Mathiesen, B. V., Drysdale, D., Lund, H., Paardekooper, S., Ridjan, I., Connolly, D., Thellufsen, J. Z., &amp; Jensen, J. S. (2016). Future Green Buildings: A Key to Cost-Effective Sustainable Energy Systems. Department of Development and Planning, Aalborg University. https://vbn.aau.dk/files/234005850/Future_Green_Buildings_A_key_to_cost_effective_sustainable_energy_systems_ENGLISH.pdf<br /> <br /> * Hansen, K., Connolly, D., Lund, H., Drysdale, D. W., &amp; Thellufsen, J. Z. (2016). Heat Roadmap Europe: Identifying the balance between saving heat and supplying heat. Energy, 115(3), 1663-1671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.06.033<br /> <br /> == Tools ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Maps ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Data ==</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=What_is_the_role_of_district_heating_in_the_future_energy_system%3F&diff=132 2024-09-12T14:08:36Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* Introduction */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[Main Page|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is district heating and the different types?]]<br /> <br /> [[What are the different types of heat supply options?]]<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> [[How to plan low temperature district heating systems?]]<br /> <br /> == Introduction ==<br /> In the future energy systems, with a high share of intermittent renewable energy sources, district heating will have a crucial role by using demand response through implementation of power-to-heat technologies.<br /> <br /> According to Lund et al. (2018), district heating will have to satisfy several criteria in to face future challenges of energy systems:<br /> # Ability to supply low-temperature DH for space heating and domestic hot water<br /> # Ability to distribute heat in thermal networks with low thermal losses<br /> # Ability to recycle heat from low-temperature and integrate renewable energy sources<br /> # Ability to be integrated part of smart energy system<br /> # Ability to ensure suitable planning, cost, and motivation structures in relation to the operation and investment<br /> <br /> ==The role of district heating in the future energy system==<br /> <br /> ===Efficiency===<br /> <br /> The efficiency of district heating in future energy systems can be assessed in terms of how they contribute to the overall efficiency of the energy system. There are different parameters that express energy system efficiency, including primary energy consumption, total greenhouse gas emissions, economic efficiency (operational costs, fuel costs, investment costs or combined as total annual costs of the system). Also, environmental efficiency in terms of e.g. airborne emissions (NOx, SOx, particulate matter etc.) and waterborne emissions is an important efficiency parameter. <br /> <br /> Note that while DH technologies and DH systems share some of the same efficiency parameters as the future energy systems they are a part of, the efficiency of the the DH sector in an energy system can be different (relatively higher or lower) than the total efficiency of that total energy system. This depends, amongst others on how well the different energy sectors perform as such and coupled together (sector coupling).<br /> <br /> While the energy and fuel efficiency of energy systems can be improved through more efficient technologies and operation resulting in a lower fuel consumption, reduction of energy demand also improves efficiency by reducing the need to produce energy in the first place. Particularly, in DH systems heat savings and improvements in the building envelope facilitate temperature reduction which in turn improve the efficiency of low-temperature heat sources and technologies, including heat pumps.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[Efficiency]]'''<br /> <br /> ===Sector coupling===<br /> Sector coupling refers to the coupling of energy sectors and energy grids with the objective of facilitating greater energy efficiency, higher renewable energy penetration and smart energy systems. On the district heating level it can mean combined heat and power production (CHP), integration of (industrial) excess heat, and Power-to-Heat solutions by means of which electricity is converted into heating through e.g. heat pumps. On a broader energy system level, it can generally involve solutions that utilize Power-to-X, including the conversion of (excess, renewable) electricity to hydrogen and other green fuels. <br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[Sector coupling]]'''<br /> <br /> === Smart Energy Systems ===<br /> <br /> According to Lund et al. (2017) a smart energy system &quot;is defined as an approach in which smart electricity, thermal and gas grids are combined with storage technologies and coordinated to identify synergies between them in order to achieve an optimal solution for each individual sector as well as for the overall energy system.&quot;<br /> <br /> District Heating can support the implementation of smart energy systems by, amongst others, facilitating the coupling between electricity and heat through power-to-heat technologies, such as heat pumps and electric boilers. In DH networks with lower temperatures, these technologies will operate more efficiently.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[Smart Energy Systems]]'''<br /> <br /> ===100% Renewable Energy Systems===<br /> <br /> District Heating and Cooling can support the transition to 100% renewable energy systems by facilitating the integration of renewable heat sources, such as solar thermal, geothermal, ambient heat (groundwater, air) as well as excess heat from a variety of sources (industrial excess heat, datacenters, supermarkets, transformer stations etc.). As temperatures in district heating networks are decreased, even more renewable heat sources and excess heat can be integrated. <br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[100% Renewable Energy Systems]]'''</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=What_is_the_role_of_district_heating_in_the_future_energy_system%3F&diff=131 2024-09-12T14:05:10Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* Smart Energy Systems */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[Main Page|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is district heating and the different types?]]<br /> <br /> [[What are the different types of heat supply options?]]<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> [[How to plan low temperature district heating systems?]]<br /> <br /> == Introduction ==<br /> In the future energy systems, with a high share of intermittent renewable energy sources, district heating will have a crucial role by using demand response through implementation of power-to-heat technologies.<br /> <br /> '''According to [1]''', district heating will have to satisfy several criteria in to face future challenges of energy systems:<br /> # Ability to supply low-temperature DH for space heating and domestic hot water<br /> # Ability to distribute heat in thermal networks with low thermal losses<br /> # Ability to recycle heat from low-temperature and integrate renewable energy sources<br /> # Ability to be integrated part of smart energy system<br /> # Ability to ensure suitable planning, cost, and motivation structures in relation to the operation and investment<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The role of district heating in the future energy system==<br /> <br /> ===Efficiency===<br /> <br /> The efficiency of district heating in future energy systems can be assessed in terms of how they contribute to the overall efficiency of the energy system. There are different parameters that express energy system efficiency, including primary energy consumption, total greenhouse gas emissions, economic efficiency (operational costs, fuel costs, investment costs or combined as total annual costs of the system). Also, environmental efficiency in terms of e.g. airborne emissions (NOx, SOx, particulate matter etc.) and waterborne emissions is an important efficiency parameter. <br /> <br /> Note that while DH technologies and DH systems share some of the same efficiency parameters as the future energy systems they are a part of, the efficiency of the the DH sector in an energy system can be different (relatively higher or lower) than the total efficiency of that total energy system. This depends, amongst others on how well the different energy sectors perform as such and coupled together (sector coupling).<br /> <br /> While the energy and fuel efficiency of energy systems can be improved through more efficient technologies and operation resulting in a lower fuel consumption, reduction of energy demand also improves efficiency by reducing the need to produce energy in the first place. Particularly, in DH systems heat savings and improvements in the building envelope facilitate temperature reduction which in turn improve the efficiency of low-temperature heat sources and technologies, including heat pumps.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[Efficiency]]'''<br /> <br /> ===Sector coupling===<br /> Sector coupling refers to the coupling of energy sectors and energy grids with the objective of facilitating greater energy efficiency, higher renewable energy penetration and smart energy systems. On the district heating level it can mean combined heat and power production (CHP), integration of (industrial) excess heat, and Power-to-Heat solutions by means of which electricity is converted into heating through e.g. heat pumps. On a broader energy system level, it can generally involve solutions that utilize Power-to-X, including the conversion of (excess, renewable) electricity to hydrogen and other green fuels. <br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[Sector coupling]]'''<br /> <br /> === Smart Energy Systems ===<br /> <br /> According to Lund et al. (2017) a smart energy system &quot;is defined as an approach in which smart electricity, thermal and gas grids are combined with storage technologies and coordinated to identify synergies between them in order to achieve an optimal solution for each individual sector as well as for the overall energy system.&quot;<br /> <br /> District Heating can support the implementation of smart energy systems by, amongst others, facilitating the coupling between electricity and heat through power-to-heat technologies, such as heat pumps and electric boilers. In DH networks with lower temperatures, these technologies will operate more efficiently.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[Smart Energy Systems]]'''<br /> <br /> ===100% Renewable Energy Systems===<br /> <br /> District Heating and Cooling can support the transition to 100% renewable energy systems by facilitating the integration of renewable heat sources, such as solar thermal, geothermal, ambient heat (groundwater, air) as well as excess heat from a variety of sources (industrial excess heat, datacenters, supermarkets, transformer stations etc.). As temperatures in district heating networks are decreased, even more renewable heat sources and excess heat can be integrated. <br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[100% Renewable Energy Systems]]'''</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=What_is_the_role_of_district_heating_in_the_future_energy_system%3F&diff=130 2024-09-12T13:59:29Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* Sector coupling */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[Main Page|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is district heating and the different types?]]<br /> <br /> [[What are the different types of heat supply options?]]<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> [[How to plan low temperature district heating systems?]]<br /> <br /> == Introduction ==<br /> In the future energy systems, with a high share of intermittent renewable energy sources, district heating will have a crucial role by using demand response through implementation of power-to-heat technologies.<br /> <br /> '''According to [1]''', district heating will have to satisfy several criteria in to face future challenges of energy systems:<br /> # Ability to supply low-temperature DH for space heating and domestic hot water<br /> # Ability to distribute heat in thermal networks with low thermal losses<br /> # Ability to recycle heat from low-temperature and integrate renewable energy sources<br /> # Ability to be integrated part of smart energy system<br /> # Ability to ensure suitable planning, cost, and motivation structures in relation to the operation and investment<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The role of district heating in the future energy system==<br /> <br /> ===Efficiency===<br /> <br /> The efficiency of district heating in future energy systems can be assessed in terms of how they contribute to the overall efficiency of the energy system. There are different parameters that express energy system efficiency, including primary energy consumption, total greenhouse gas emissions, economic efficiency (operational costs, fuel costs, investment costs or combined as total annual costs of the system). Also, environmental efficiency in terms of e.g. airborne emissions (NOx, SOx, particulate matter etc.) and waterborne emissions is an important efficiency parameter. <br /> <br /> Note that while DH technologies and DH systems share some of the same efficiency parameters as the future energy systems they are a part of, the efficiency of the the DH sector in an energy system can be different (relatively higher or lower) than the total efficiency of that total energy system. This depends, amongst others on how well the different energy sectors perform as such and coupled together (sector coupling).<br /> <br /> While the energy and fuel efficiency of energy systems can be improved through more efficient technologies and operation resulting in a lower fuel consumption, reduction of energy demand also improves efficiency by reducing the need to produce energy in the first place. Particularly, in DH systems heat savings and improvements in the building envelope facilitate temperature reduction which in turn improve the efficiency of low-temperature heat sources and technologies, including heat pumps.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[Efficiency]]'''<br /> <br /> ===Sector coupling===<br /> Sector coupling refers to the coupling of energy sectors and energy grids with the objective of facilitating greater energy efficiency, higher renewable energy penetration and smart energy systems. On the district heating level it can mean combined heat and power production (CHP), integration of (industrial) excess heat, and Power-to-Heat solutions by means of which electricity is converted into heating through e.g. heat pumps. On a broader energy system level, it can generally involve solutions that utilize Power-to-X, including the conversion of (excess, renewable) electricity to hydrogen and other green fuels. <br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[Sector coupling]]'''<br /> <br /> === Smart Energy Systems ===<br /> Definition of smart energy system is '''proposed in [3]''' as follows “a system in which smart electricity, thermal and gas grids are combined and coordinated to identify synergies between them to achieve an optimal solution for each individual sector as well as for the overall energy system”.<br /> <br /> District Heating can support the implementation of smart energy systems by, amongst others, facilitating the coupling between electricity and heat through power-to-heat technologies, such as heat pumps and electric boilers. In DH networks with lower temperatures, these technologies will operate more efficiently.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[Smart Energy Systems]]'''<br /> <br /> ===100% Renewable Energy Systems===<br /> <br /> District Heating and Cooling can support the transition to 100% renewable energy systems by facilitating the integration of renewable heat sources, such as solar thermal, geothermal, ambient heat (groundwater, air) as well as excess heat from a variety of sources (industrial excess heat, datacenters, supermarkets, transformer stations etc.). As temperatures in district heating networks are decreased, even more renewable heat sources and excess heat can be integrated. <br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[100% Renewable Energy Systems]]'''</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=What_is_the_role_of_district_heating_in_the_future_energy_system%3F&diff=129 2024-09-12T12:49:08Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* Sector coupling */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[Main Page|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is district heating and the different types?]]<br /> <br /> [[What are the different types of heat supply options?]]<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> [[How to plan low temperature district heating systems?]]<br /> <br /> == Introduction ==<br /> In the future energy systems, with a high share of intermittent renewable energy sources, district heating will have a crucial role by using demand response through implementation of power-to-heat technologies.<br /> <br /> '''According to [1]''', district heating will have to satisfy several criteria in to face future challenges of energy systems:<br /> # Ability to supply low-temperature DH for space heating and domestic hot water<br /> # Ability to distribute heat in thermal networks with low thermal losses<br /> # Ability to recycle heat from low-temperature and integrate renewable energy sources<br /> # Ability to be integrated part of smart energy system<br /> # Ability to ensure suitable planning, cost, and motivation structures in relation to the operation and investment<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The role of district heating in the future energy system==<br /> <br /> ===Efficiency===<br /> <br /> The efficiency of district heating in future energy systems can be assessed in terms of how they contribute to the overall efficiency of the energy system. There are different parameters that express energy system efficiency, including primary energy consumption, total greenhouse gas emissions, economic efficiency (operational costs, fuel costs, investment costs or combined as total annual costs of the system). Also, environmental efficiency in terms of e.g. airborne emissions (NOx, SOx, particulate matter etc.) and waterborne emissions is an important efficiency parameter. <br /> <br /> Note that while DH technologies and DH systems share some of the same efficiency parameters as the future energy systems they are a part of, the efficiency of the the DH sector in an energy system can be different (relatively higher or lower) than the total efficiency of that total energy system. This depends, amongst others on how well the different energy sectors perform as such and coupled together (sector coupling).<br /> <br /> While the energy and fuel efficiency of energy systems can be improved through more efficient technologies and operation resulting in a lower fuel consumption, reduction of energy demand also improves efficiency by reducing the need to produce energy in the first place. Particularly, in DH systems heat savings and improvements in the building envelope facilitate temperature reduction which in turn improve the efficiency of low-temperature heat sources and technologies, including heat pumps.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[Efficiency]]'''<br /> <br /> ===Sector coupling===<br /> '''Advanced page: [[Sector coupling]]'''<br /> <br /> '''''Comments from general assembly<br /> CHP connection power grid/DH network<br /> <br /> Excess heat integration in DH networks/sector coupling with indsutrial processes<br /> '''''<br /> <br /> === Smart Energy Systems ===<br /> Definition of smart energy system is '''proposed in [3]''' as follows “a system in which smart electricity, thermal and gas grids are combined and coordinated to identify synergies between them to achieve an optimal solution for each individual sector as well as for the overall energy system”.<br /> <br /> District Heating can support the implementation of smart energy systems by, amongst others, facilitating the coupling between electricity and heat through power-to-heat technologies, such as heat pumps and electric boilers. In DH networks with lower temperatures, these technologies will operate more efficiently.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[Smart Energy Systems]]'''<br /> <br /> ===100% Renewable Energy Systems===<br /> <br /> District Heating and Cooling can support the transition to 100% renewable energy systems by facilitating the integration of renewable heat sources, such as solar thermal, geothermal, ambient heat (groundwater, air) as well as excess heat from a variety of sources (industrial excess heat, datacenters, supermarkets, transformer stations etc.). As temperatures in district heating networks are decreased, even more renewable heat sources and excess heat can be integrated. <br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[100% Renewable Energy Systems]]'''</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=Sector_coupling&diff=128 2024-09-12T12:48:54Z

<p>KarlSperling: </p> <hr /> <div>'''[[REWARDheat education platform|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> == Projects ==<br /> === sEEnergies project ===<br /> <br /> sEEnergies is a European Horizon2020 project with the overall aim to answer those questions. It quantifies and operationalizes the potential for energy efficiency in buildings, transport, and industry, considering all aspects of the Energy Efficiency First Principle.<br /> <br /> * https://www.seenergies.eu/<br /> <br /> === HRE project === <br /> <br /> HRE4 built evidence supporting the decarbonization of the heating and cooling sector in Europe and developed roadmaps for redesigning this sector by combining the knowledge of local waste heat conditions and potential savings with an energy system analysis.<br /> <br /> * https://heatroadmap.eu/<br /> <br /> === Sim4Blocks ===<br /> The four year EC-funded project, Sim4Blocks, focused on the development of innovative demand response (DR) services for residential and commercial applications. The project combined decentralised energy management technology at the blocks-of-buildings scale to enable DR.<br /> <br /> * http://www.sim4blocks.eu.com/<br /> <br /> === RE-INVEST project ===<br /> <br /> The ‘Renewable Energy Investment Strategies’ project, or RE-INVEST, aims to design robust, cost-effective investment strategies that will facilitate an efficient transformation towards a 100% renewable energy system in Europe.<br /> <br /> * https://reinvestproject.eu/<br /> <br /> == Publications ==<br /> === D2.1 REWARDHeat planning schemes database ===<br /> <br /> The deliverable serves as a database for literature review and best practice examples for ultra-low and neutral temperature district heating and cooling networks. Firstly, it provides detailed overview of existing knowledge and published research papers on the different related topics such as: renewable and urban waste heat sources, supply technologies, thermal networks, and end-user substations. Then, the overview of existing next-generation networks is presented, while focusing on their characteristics such as temperature regimes, thermal sources, network topology, etc. This information is organised as a publicly available database hosted on Zenodo platform, available on this link. <br /> <br /> * https://www.rewardheat.eu/Download?id=file:85791000&amp;s=8738463996438230606<br /> <br /> === Flexi-Sync final report ===<br /> <br /> The Flexi-Sync project is an ERA-Net SES financed project focusing on flexible energy system integration using concept development, demonstration and replication. The project gathers 16 partners from four EU Member States: Austria, Germany, Spain and Sweden.<br /> <br /> * https://www.ivl.se/projektwebbar/flexi-sync.html<br /> <br /> == Tools ==<br /> <br /> == Maps ==<br /> <br /> == Data ==</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=Sector_coupling&diff=127 2024-09-12T12:48:01Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* Flexi-sync final report */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[REWARDheat education platform|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> '''''Comments from general assembly<br /> CHP connection power grid/DH network<br /> <br /> Excess heat integration in DH networks/sector coupling with indsutrial processes<br /> '''''<br /> <br /> == Projects ==<br /> === sEEnergies project ===<br /> <br /> sEEnergies is a European Horizon2020 project with the overall aim to answer those questions. It quantifies and operationalizes the potential for energy efficiency in buildings, transport, and industry, considering all aspects of the Energy Efficiency First Principle.<br /> <br /> * https://www.seenergies.eu/<br /> <br /> === HRE project === <br /> <br /> HRE4 built evidence supporting the decarbonization of the heating and cooling sector in Europe and developed roadmaps for redesigning this sector by combining the knowledge of local waste heat conditions and potential savings with an energy system analysis.<br /> <br /> * https://heatroadmap.eu/<br /> <br /> === Sim4Blocks ===<br /> The four year EC-funded project, Sim4Blocks, focused on the development of innovative demand response (DR) services for residential and commercial applications. The project combined decentralised energy management technology at the blocks-of-buildings scale to enable DR.<br /> <br /> * http://www.sim4blocks.eu.com/<br /> <br /> === RE-INVEST project ===<br /> <br /> The ‘Renewable Energy Investment Strategies’ project, or RE-INVEST, aims to design robust, cost-effective investment strategies that will facilitate an efficient transformation towards a 100% renewable energy system in Europe.<br /> <br /> * https://reinvestproject.eu/<br /> <br /> == Publications ==<br /> === D2.1 REWARDHeat planning schemes database ===<br /> <br /> The deliverable serves as a database for literature review and best practice examples for ultra-low and neutral temperature district heating and cooling networks. Firstly, it provides detailed overview of existing knowledge and published research papers on the different related topics such as: renewable and urban waste heat sources, supply technologies, thermal networks, and end-user substations. Then, the overview of existing next-generation networks is presented, while focusing on their characteristics such as temperature regimes, thermal sources, network topology, etc. This information is organised as a publicly available database hosted on Zenodo platform, available on this link. <br /> <br /> * https://www.rewardheat.eu/Download?id=file:85791000&amp;s=8738463996438230606<br /> <br /> === Flexi-Sync final report ===<br /> <br /> The Flexi-Sync project is an ERA-Net SES financed project focusing on flexible energy system integration using concept development, demonstration and replication. The project gathers 16 partners from four EU Member States: Austria, Germany, Spain and Sweden.<br /> <br /> * https://www.ivl.se/projektwebbar/flexi-sync.html<br /> <br /> == Tools ==<br /> <br /> == Maps ==<br /> <br /> == Data ==</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=Sector_coupling&diff=126 2024-09-12T12:47:44Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* Projects */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[REWARDheat education platform|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> '''''Comments from general assembly<br /> CHP connection power grid/DH network<br /> <br /> Excess heat integration in DH networks/sector coupling with indsutrial processes<br /> '''''<br /> <br /> == Projects ==<br /> === sEEnergies project ===<br /> <br /> sEEnergies is a European Horizon2020 project with the overall aim to answer those questions. It quantifies and operationalizes the potential for energy efficiency in buildings, transport, and industry, considering all aspects of the Energy Efficiency First Principle.<br /> <br /> * https://www.seenergies.eu/<br /> <br /> === HRE project === <br /> <br /> HRE4 built evidence supporting the decarbonization of the heating and cooling sector in Europe and developed roadmaps for redesigning this sector by combining the knowledge of local waste heat conditions and potential savings with an energy system analysis.<br /> <br /> * https://heatroadmap.eu/<br /> <br /> === Sim4Blocks ===<br /> The four year EC-funded project, Sim4Blocks, focused on the development of innovative demand response (DR) services for residential and commercial applications. The project combined decentralised energy management technology at the blocks-of-buildings scale to enable DR.<br /> <br /> * http://www.sim4blocks.eu.com/<br /> <br /> === RE-INVEST project ===<br /> <br /> The ‘Renewable Energy Investment Strategies’ project, or RE-INVEST, aims to design robust, cost-effective investment strategies that will facilitate an efficient transformation towards a 100% renewable energy system in Europe.<br /> <br /> * https://reinvestproject.eu/<br /> <br /> == Publications ==<br /> === D2.1 REWARDHeat planning schemes database ===<br /> <br /> The deliverable serves as a database for literature review and best practice examples for ultra-low and neutral temperature district heating and cooling networks. Firstly, it provides detailed overview of existing knowledge and published research papers on the different related topics such as: renewable and urban waste heat sources, supply technologies, thermal networks, and end-user substations. Then, the overview of existing next-generation networks is presented, while focusing on their characteristics such as temperature regimes, thermal sources, network topology, etc. This information is organised as a publicly available database hosted on Zenodo platform, available on this link. <br /> <br /> * https://www.rewardheat.eu/Download?id=file:85791000&amp;s=8738463996438230606<br /> <br /> === Flexi-sync final report ===<br /> <br /> The Flexi-Sync project is an ERA-Net SES financed project focusing on flexible energy system integration using concept development, demonstration and replication. The project gathers 16 partners from four EU Member States: Austria, Germany, Spain and Sweden.<br /> <br /> * https://www.ivl.se/projektwebbar/flexi-sync.html<br /> <br /> == Tools ==<br /> <br /> == Maps ==<br /> <br /> == Data ==</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=Sector_coupling&diff=125 2024-09-12T12:47:20Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* Projects */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[REWARDheat education platform|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> '''''Comments from general assembly<br /> CHP connection power grid/DH network<br /> <br /> Excess heat integration in DH networks/sector coupling with indsutrial processes<br /> '''''<br /> <br /> == Projects ==<br /> === sEEnergies project ===<br /> <br /> sEEnergies is a European Horizon2020 project with the overall aim to answer those questions. It quantifies and operationalizes the potential for energy efficiency in buildings, transport, and industry, considering all aspects of the Energy Efficiency First Principle.<br /> <br /> * https://www.seenergies.eu/<br /> <br /> === HRE project === <br /> <br /> HRE4 built evidence supporting the decarbonization of the heating and cooling sector in Europe and developed roadmaps for redesigning this sector by combining the knowledge of local waste heat conditions and potential savings with an energy system analysis.<br /> <br /> * heatroadmapeurope.eu<br /> <br /> === Sim4Blocks ===<br /> The four year EC-funded project, Sim4Blocks, focused on the development of innovative demand response (DR) services for residential and commercial applications. The project combined decentralised energy management technology at the blocks-of-buildings scale to enable DR.<br /> <br /> * http://www.sim4blocks.eu.com/<br /> <br /> === Reinvest project ===<br /> <br /> The ‘Renewable Energy Investment Strategies’ project, or RE-INVEST, aims to design robust, cost-effective investment strategies that will facilitate an efficient transformation towards a 100% renewable energy system in Europe.<br /> <br /> * https://reinvestproject.eu/<br /> <br /> == Publications ==<br /> === D2.1 REWARDHeat planning schemes database ===<br /> <br /> The deliverable serves as a database for literature review and best practice examples for ultra-low and neutral temperature district heating and cooling networks. Firstly, it provides detailed overview of existing knowledge and published research papers on the different related topics such as: renewable and urban waste heat sources, supply technologies, thermal networks, and end-user substations. Then, the overview of existing next-generation networks is presented, while focusing on their characteristics such as temperature regimes, thermal sources, network topology, etc. This information is organised as a publicly available database hosted on Zenodo platform, available on this link. <br /> <br /> * https://www.rewardheat.eu/Download?id=file:85791000&amp;s=8738463996438230606<br /> <br /> === Flexi-sync final report ===<br /> <br /> The Flexi-Sync project is an ERA-Net SES financed project focusing on flexible energy system integration using concept development, demonstration and replication. The project gathers 16 partners from four EU Member States: Austria, Germany, Spain and Sweden.<br /> <br /> * https://www.ivl.se/projektwebbar/flexi-sync.html<br /> <br /> == Tools ==<br /> <br /> == Maps ==<br /> <br /> == Data ==</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=Efficiency&diff=124 2024-09-12T12:45:12Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* Journal articles */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[REWARDheat education platform|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> == Projects ==<br /> === UpgradeDH ===<br /> <br /> The Upgrade DH project aims to improve the performance of district heating networks in Europe by supporting selected demonstration cases for upgrading, which can be replicated in Europe.<br /> <br /> * https://www.upgrade-dh.eu/en/home/<br /> <br /> === sEEnergies ===<br /> <br /> sEEnergies is a European Horizon2020 project with the overall aim to answer those questions. It quantifies and operationalizes the potential for energy efficiency in buildings, transport, and industry, considering all aspects of the Energy Efficiency First Principle.<br /> <br /> * https://www.seenergies.eu/<br /> <br /> == Publications ==<br /> === D2.1 REWARDHeat planning schemes database ===<br /> <br /> The deliverable serves as a database for literature review and best practice examples for ultra-low and neutral temperature district heating and cooling networks. Firstly, it provides detailed overview of existing knowledge and published research papers on the different related topics such as: renewable and urban waste heat sources, supply technologies, thermal networks, and end-user substations. Then, the overview of existing next-generation networks is presented, while focusing on their characteristics such as temperature regimes, thermal sources, network topology, etc. This information is organised as a publicly available database hosted on Zenodo platform, available on this link.<br /> <br /> * https://www.rewardheat.eu/Download?id=file:85791000&amp;s=8738463996438230606<br /> <br /> ===Journal articles ===<br /> <br /> * Mathiesen, B. V., Drysdale, D., Lund, H., Paardekooper, S., Ridjan, I., Connolly, D., Thellufsen, J. Z., &amp; Jensen, J. S. (2016). Future Green Buildings: A Key to Cost-Effective Sustainable Energy Systems. Department of Development and Planning, Aalborg University. https://vbn.aau.dk/files/234005850/Future_Green_Buildings_A_key_to_cost_effective_sustainable_energy_systems_ENGLISH.pdf<br /> <br /> * Hansen, K., Connolly, D., Lund, H., Drysdale, D. W., &amp; Thellufsen, J. Z. (2016). Heat Roadmap Europe: Identifying the balance between saving heat and supplying heat. Energy, 115(3), 1663-1671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.06.033<br /> <br /> == Tools ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Maps ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Data ==</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=Efficiency&diff=123 2024-09-12T12:44:51Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* sEEnergies */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[REWARDheat education platform|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> == Projects ==<br /> === UpgradeDH ===<br /> <br /> The Upgrade DH project aims to improve the performance of district heating networks in Europe by supporting selected demonstration cases for upgrading, which can be replicated in Europe.<br /> <br /> * https://www.upgrade-dh.eu/en/home/<br /> <br /> === sEEnergies ===<br /> <br /> sEEnergies is a European Horizon2020 project with the overall aim to answer those questions. It quantifies and operationalizes the potential for energy efficiency in buildings, transport, and industry, considering all aspects of the Energy Efficiency First Principle.<br /> <br /> * https://www.seenergies.eu/<br /> <br /> == Publications ==<br /> === D2.1 REWARDHeat planning schemes database ===<br /> <br /> The deliverable serves as a database for literature review and best practice examples for ultra-low and neutral temperature district heating and cooling networks. Firstly, it provides detailed overview of existing knowledge and published research papers on the different related topics such as: renewable and urban waste heat sources, supply technologies, thermal networks, and end-user substations. Then, the overview of existing next-generation networks is presented, while focusing on their characteristics such as temperature regimes, thermal sources, network topology, etc. This information is organised as a publicly available database hosted on Zenodo platform, available on this link.<br /> <br /> * https://www.rewardheat.eu/Download?id=file:85791000&amp;s=8738463996438230606<br /> <br /> ===Journal articles ===<br /> <br /> * Mathiesen, B. V., Drysdale, D., Lund, H., Paardekooper, S., Ridjan, I., Connolly, D., Thellufsen, J. Z., &amp; Jensen, J. S. (2016). Future Green Buildings: A Key to Cost-Effective Sustainable Energy Systems. Department of Development and Planning, Aalborg University.<br /> https://vbn.aau.dk/files/234005850/Future_Green_Buildings_A_key_to_cost_effective_sustainable_energy_systems_ENGLISH.pdf<br /> <br /> * Hansen, K., Connolly, D., Lund, H., Drysdale, D. W., &amp; Thellufsen, J. Z. (2016). Heat Roadmap Europe: Identifying the balance between saving heat and supplying heat. Energy, 115(3), 1663-1671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.06.033<br /> <br /> == Tools ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Maps ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Data ==</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=Efficiency&diff=122 2024-09-12T12:44:36Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* D2.1 REWARDHeat planning schemes database */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[REWARDheat education platform|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> == Projects ==<br /> === UpgradeDH ===<br /> <br /> The Upgrade DH project aims to improve the performance of district heating networks in Europe by supporting selected demonstration cases for upgrading, which can be replicated in Europe.<br /> <br /> * https://www.upgrade-dh.eu/en/home/<br /> <br /> === sEEnergies ===<br /> <br /> sEEnergies is a European Horizon2020 project with the overall aim to answer those questions. It quantifies and operationalizes the potential for energy efficiency in buildings, transport, and industry, considering all aspects of the Energy Efficiency First Principle.<br /> <br /> * sEEnergies.eu<br /> <br /> == Publications ==<br /> === D2.1 REWARDHeat planning schemes database ===<br /> <br /> The deliverable serves as a database for literature review and best practice examples for ultra-low and neutral temperature district heating and cooling networks. Firstly, it provides detailed overview of existing knowledge and published research papers on the different related topics such as: renewable and urban waste heat sources, supply technologies, thermal networks, and end-user substations. Then, the overview of existing next-generation networks is presented, while focusing on their characteristics such as temperature regimes, thermal sources, network topology, etc. This information is organised as a publicly available database hosted on Zenodo platform, available on this link.<br /> <br /> * https://www.rewardheat.eu/Download?id=file:85791000&amp;s=8738463996438230606<br /> <br /> ===Journal articles ===<br /> <br /> * Mathiesen, B. V., Drysdale, D., Lund, H., Paardekooper, S., Ridjan, I., Connolly, D., Thellufsen, J. Z., &amp; Jensen, J. S. (2016). Future Green Buildings: A Key to Cost-Effective Sustainable Energy Systems. Department of Development and Planning, Aalborg University.<br /> https://vbn.aau.dk/files/234005850/Future_Green_Buildings_A_key_to_cost_effective_sustainable_energy_systems_ENGLISH.pdf<br /> <br /> * Hansen, K., Connolly, D., Lund, H., Drysdale, D. W., &amp; Thellufsen, J. Z. (2016). Heat Roadmap Europe: Identifying the balance between saving heat and supplying heat. Energy, 115(3), 1663-1671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.06.033<br /> <br /> == Tools ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Maps ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Data ==</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=What_is_the_role_of_district_heating_in_the_future_energy_system%3F&diff=121 2024-09-12T12:40:38Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* Efficiency */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[Main Page|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is district heating and the different types?]]<br /> <br /> [[What are the different types of heat supply options?]]<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> [[How to plan low temperature district heating systems?]]<br /> <br /> == Introduction ==<br /> In the future energy systems, with a high share of intermittent renewable energy sources, district heating will have a crucial role by using demand response through implementation of power-to-heat technologies.<br /> <br /> '''According to [1]''', district heating will have to satisfy several criteria in to face future challenges of energy systems:<br /> # Ability to supply low-temperature DH for space heating and domestic hot water<br /> # Ability to distribute heat in thermal networks with low thermal losses<br /> # Ability to recycle heat from low-temperature and integrate renewable energy sources<br /> # Ability to be integrated part of smart energy system<br /> # Ability to ensure suitable planning, cost, and motivation structures in relation to the operation and investment<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The role of district heating in the future energy system==<br /> <br /> ===Efficiency===<br /> <br /> The efficiency of district heating in future energy systems can be assessed in terms of how they contribute to the overall efficiency of the energy system. There are different parameters that express energy system efficiency, including primary energy consumption, total greenhouse gas emissions, economic efficiency (operational costs, fuel costs, investment costs or combined as total annual costs of the system). Also, environmental efficiency in terms of e.g. airborne emissions (NOx, SOx, particulate matter etc.) and waterborne emissions is an important efficiency parameter. <br /> <br /> Note that while DH technologies and DH systems share some of the same efficiency parameters as the future energy systems they are a part of, the efficiency of the the DH sector in an energy system can be different (relatively higher or lower) than the total efficiency of that total energy system. This depends, amongst others on how well the different energy sectors perform as such and coupled together (sector coupling).<br /> <br /> While the energy and fuel efficiency of energy systems can be improved through more efficient technologies and operation resulting in a lower fuel consumption, reduction of energy demand also improves efficiency by reducing the need to produce energy in the first place. Particularly, in DH systems heat savings and improvements in the building envelope facilitate temperature reduction which in turn improve the efficiency of low-temperature heat sources and technologies, including heat pumps.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[Efficiency]]'''<br /> <br /> ===Sector coupling===<br /> '''Advanced page: [[Sector coupling]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> === Smart Energy Systems ===<br /> Definition of smart energy system is '''proposed in [3]''' as follows “a system in which smart electricity, thermal and gas grids are combined and coordinated to identify synergies between them to achieve an optimal solution for each individual sector as well as for the overall energy system”.<br /> <br /> District Heating can support the implementation of smart energy systems by, amongst others, facilitating the coupling between electricity and heat through power-to-heat technologies, such as heat pumps and electric boilers. In DH networks with lower temperatures, these technologies will operate more efficiently.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[Smart Energy Systems]]'''<br /> <br /> ===100% Renewable Energy Systems===<br /> <br /> District Heating and Cooling can support the transition to 100% renewable energy systems by facilitating the integration of renewable heat sources, such as solar thermal, geothermal, ambient heat (groundwater, air) as well as excess heat from a variety of sources (industrial excess heat, datacenters, supermarkets, transformer stations etc.). As temperatures in district heating networks are decreased, even more renewable heat sources and excess heat can be integrated. <br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[100% Renewable Energy Systems]]'''</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=What_is_the_role_of_district_heating_in_the_future_energy_system%3F&diff=120 2024-09-12T12:30:17Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* Efficiency */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[Main Page|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is district heating and the different types?]]<br /> <br /> [[What are the different types of heat supply options?]]<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> [[How to plan low temperature district heating systems?]]<br /> <br /> == Introduction ==<br /> In the future energy systems, with a high share of intermittent renewable energy sources, district heating will have a crucial role by using demand response through implementation of power-to-heat technologies.<br /> <br /> '''According to [1]''', district heating will have to satisfy several criteria in to face future challenges of energy systems:<br /> # Ability to supply low-temperature DH for space heating and domestic hot water<br /> # Ability to distribute heat in thermal networks with low thermal losses<br /> # Ability to recycle heat from low-temperature and integrate renewable energy sources<br /> # Ability to be integrated part of smart energy system<br /> # Ability to ensure suitable planning, cost, and motivation structures in relation to the operation and investment<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The role of district heating in the future energy system==<br /> <br /> ===Efficiency===<br /> <br /> The efficiency of district heating in future energy systems can be assessed in terms of how they contribute to the overall efficiency of the energy system. There are different parameters that express energy system efficiency, including primary energy consumption, total greenhouse gas emissions, economic efficiency (operational costs, fuel costs, investment costs or combined as total annual costs of the system). Also, environmental efficiency in terms of e.g. airborne emissions (NOx, SOx, particulate matter etc.) and waterborne emissions is an important efficiency parameter. <br /> <br /> Note that while DH technologies and DH systems share some of the same efficiency parameters as the future energy systems they are a part of, the efficiency of the the DH sector in an energy system can be different (relatively higher or lower) than the total efficiency of that total energy system. This depends, amongst others on how well the different energy sectors perform as such and coupled together (sector coupling).<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[Efficiency]]'''<br /> <br /> ===Sector coupling===<br /> '''Advanced page: [[Sector coupling]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> === Smart Energy Systems ===<br /> Definition of smart energy system is '''proposed in [3]''' as follows “a system in which smart electricity, thermal and gas grids are combined and coordinated to identify synergies between them to achieve an optimal solution for each individual sector as well as for the overall energy system”.<br /> <br /> District Heating can support the implementation of smart energy systems by, amongst others, facilitating the coupling between electricity and heat through power-to-heat technologies, such as heat pumps and electric boilers. In DH networks with lower temperatures, these technologies will operate more efficiently.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[Smart Energy Systems]]'''<br /> <br /> ===100% Renewable Energy Systems===<br /> <br /> District Heating and Cooling can support the transition to 100% renewable energy systems by facilitating the integration of renewable heat sources, such as solar thermal, geothermal, ambient heat (groundwater, air) as well as excess heat from a variety of sources (industrial excess heat, datacenters, supermarkets, transformer stations etc.). As temperatures in district heating networks are decreased, even more renewable heat sources and excess heat can be integrated. <br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[100% Renewable Energy Systems]]'''</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=Efficiency&diff=119 2024-09-12T12:09:31Z

<p>KarlSperling: </p> <hr /> <div>'''[[REWARDheat education platform|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> == Projects ==<br /> === UpgradeDH ===<br /> <br /> The Upgrade DH project aims to improve the performance of district heating networks in Europe by supporting selected demonstration cases for upgrading, which can be replicated in Europe.<br /> <br /> * https://www.upgrade-dh.eu/en/home/<br /> <br /> === sEEnergies ===<br /> <br /> sEEnergies is a European Horizon2020 project with the overall aim to answer those questions. It quantifies and operationalizes the potential for energy efficiency in buildings, transport, and industry, considering all aspects of the Energy Efficiency First Principle.<br /> <br /> * sEEnergies.eu<br /> <br /> == Publications ==<br /> === D2.1 REWARDHeat planning schemes database ===<br /> <br /> The deliverable serves as a database for literature review and best practice examples for ultra-low and neutral temperature district heating and cooling networks. Firstly, it provides detailed overview of existing knowledge and published research papers on the different related topics such as: renewable and urban waste heat sources, supply technologies, thermal networks, and end-user substations. Then, the overview of existing next-generation networks is presented, while focusing on their characteristics such as temperature regimes, thermal sources, network topology, etc. This information is organised as a publicly available database hosted on Zenodo platform, available on this link.<br /> <br /> * https://www.rewardheat.eu/Download?id=file:85791000&amp;s=8738463996438230606<br /> <br /> == Tools ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Maps ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Data ==</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=Efficiency&diff=118 2024-09-12T12:08:54Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* D2.1 REWARDHeat planning schemes database */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[REWARDheat education platform|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> '''''Comment from general assembly - Efficiency from economic (cost savings) and ecological perspective (carbon reduction)'''''<br /> <br /> == Projects ==<br /> === UpgradeDH ===<br /> <br /> The Upgrade DH project aims to improve the performance of district heating networks in Europe by supporting selected demonstration cases for upgrading, which can be replicated in Europe.<br /> <br /> * https://www.upgrade-dh.eu/en/home/<br /> <br /> === sEEnergies ===<br /> <br /> sEEnergies is a European Horizon2020 project with the overall aim to answer those questions. It quantifies and operationalizes the potential for energy efficiency in buildings, transport, and industry, considering all aspects of the Energy Efficiency First Principle.<br /> <br /> * sEEnergies.eu<br /> <br /> == Publications ==<br /> === D2.1 REWARDHeat planning schemes database ===<br /> <br /> The deliverable serves as a database for literature review and best practice examples for ultra-low and neutral temperature district heating and cooling networks. Firstly, it provides detailed overview of existing knowledge and published research papers on the different related topics such as: renewable and urban waste heat sources, supply technologies, thermal networks, and end-user substations. Then, the overview of existing next-generation networks is presented, while focusing on their characteristics such as temperature regimes, thermal sources, network topology, etc. This information is organised as a publicly available database hosted on Zenodo platform, available on this link.<br /> <br /> * https://www.rewardheat.eu/Download?id=file:85791000&amp;s=8738463996438230606<br /> <br /> == Tools ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Maps ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Data ==</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=100%25_Renewable_Energy_Systems&diff=117 2024-09-12T12:06:18Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* Publications */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[REWARDheat education platform|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> == Projects ==<br /> === sEEnergies project ===<br /> <br /> sEEnergies is a European Horizon2020 project with the overall aim to answer those questions. It quantifies and operationalizes the potential for energy efficiency in buildings, transport, and industry, considering all aspects of the Energy Efficiency First Principle.<br /> <br /> * https://www.seenergies.eu/<br /> <br /> === HRE project === <br /> <br /> HRE4 built evidence supporting the decarbonization of the heating and cooling sector in Europe and developed roadmaps for redesigning this sector by combining the knowledge of local waste heat conditions and potential savings with an energy system analysis.<br /> <br /> * https://heatroadmap.eu/<br /> <br /> === RE-INVEST project ===<br /> <br /> The ‘Renewable Energy Investment Strategies’ project, or RE-INVEST, aims to design robust, cost-effective investment strategies that will facilitate an efficient transformation towards a 100% renewable energy system in Europe.<br /> <br /> * https://reinvestproject.eu/<br /> <br /> == Publications ==<br /> === Journal articles ===<br /> <br /> * Hansen, K., Breyer, C., &amp; Lund, H. (2019). Status and perspectives on 100% renewable energy systems. Energy, 175, 471-480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.03.092<br /> <br /> * Mathiesen, B. V., Lund, H., Connolly, D., Wenzel, H., Østergaard, P. A., Möller, B., Nielsen, S., Ridjan, I., Karnøe, P., Sperling, K., &amp; Hvelplund, F. (2015). Smart Energy Systems for coherent 100% renewable energy and transport solutions. Applied Energy, 145, 139–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.075<br /> <br /> == Tools ==<br /> <br /> == Maps ==<br /> <br /> == Data ==</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=Smart_Energy_Systems&diff=116 2024-09-12T12:05:18Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* Publications */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[REWARDheat education platform|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> == Projects ==<br /> === sEEnergies project ===<br /> <br /> sEEnergies is a European Horizon2020 project with the overall aim to answer those questions. It quantifies and operationalizes the potential for energy efficiency in buildings, transport, and industry, considering all aspects of the Energy Efficiency First Principle.<br /> <br /> * https://www.seenergies.eu/<br /> <br /> === Sim4Blocks ===<br /> The four year EC-funded project, Sim4Blocks, focused on the development of innovative demand response (DR) services for residential and commercial applications. The project combined decentralised energy management technology at the blocks-of-buildings scale to enable DR.<br /> <br /> * http://www.sim4blocks.eu.com/<br /> <br /> === RE-INVEST project ===<br /> <br /> The ‘Renewable Energy Investment Strategies’ project, or RE-INVEST, aims to design robust, cost-effective investment strategies that will facilitate an efficient transformation towards a 100% renewable energy system in Europe.<br /> <br /> * https://reinvestproject.eu/<br /> <br /> === IEA Project TS4 ===<br /> <br /> Annex TS4 is a project aiming at promoting the opportunities of the integration of digital processes into DHC schemes and to clarify the role of digitalisation for different parts within the operation and maintenance of the district heating and cooling system.<br /> <br /> * https://www.iea-dhc.org/the-research/annexes/2018-2024-annex-ts4<br /> <br /> == Publications ==<br /> === D2.1 REWARDHeat planning schemes database ===<br /> <br /> The deliverable serves as a database for literature review and best practice examples for ultra-low and neutral temperature district heating and cooling networks. Firstly, it provides detailed overview of existing knowledge and published research papers on the different related topics such as: renewable and urban waste heat sources, supply technologies, thermal networks, and end-user substations. Then, the overview of existing next-generation networks is presented, while focusing on their characteristics such as temperature regimes, thermal sources, network topology, etc. This information is organised as a publicly available database hosted on Zenodo platform, available on this link. <br /> <br /> * https://www.rewardheat.eu/Download?id=file:85791000&amp;s=8738463996438230606<br /> <br /> === Journal articles ===<br /> <br /> * Mathiesen, B. V., Lund, H., Connolly, D., Wenzel, H., Østergaard, P. A., Möller, B., Nielsen, S., Ridjan, I., Karnøe, P., Sperling, K., &amp; Hvelplund, F. (2015). Smart Energy Systems for coherent 100% renewable energy and transport solutions. Applied Energy, 145, 139–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.075<br /> <br /> * Connolly, D., Lund, H., &amp; Mathiesen, B. V. (2016). Smart Energy Europe: The technical and economic impact of one potential 100% renewable energy scenario for the European Union. Renewable &amp; Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, 1634-1653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.02.025<br /> <br /> * Lund, H., Østergaard, P. A., Connolly, D., &amp; Mathiesen, B. V. (2017). Smart energy and smart energy systems. Energy, 137, 556-565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.05.123<br /> <br /> == Tools ==<br /> <br /> == Maps ==<br /> <br /> == Data ==</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=Smart_Energy_Systems&diff=115 2024-09-12T12:02:15Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* Reinvest project */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[REWARDheat education platform|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> == Projects ==<br /> === sEEnergies project ===<br /> <br /> sEEnergies is a European Horizon2020 project with the overall aim to answer those questions. It quantifies and operationalizes the potential for energy efficiency in buildings, transport, and industry, considering all aspects of the Energy Efficiency First Principle.<br /> <br /> * https://www.seenergies.eu/<br /> <br /> === Sim4Blocks ===<br /> The four year EC-funded project, Sim4Blocks, focused on the development of innovative demand response (DR) services for residential and commercial applications. The project combined decentralised energy management technology at the blocks-of-buildings scale to enable DR.<br /> <br /> * http://www.sim4blocks.eu.com/<br /> <br /> === RE-INVEST project ===<br /> <br /> The ‘Renewable Energy Investment Strategies’ project, or RE-INVEST, aims to design robust, cost-effective investment strategies that will facilitate an efficient transformation towards a 100% renewable energy system in Europe.<br /> <br /> * https://reinvestproject.eu/<br /> <br /> === IEA Project TS4 ===<br /> <br /> Annex TS4 is a project aiming at promoting the opportunities of the integration of digital processes into DHC schemes and to clarify the role of digitalisation for different parts within the operation and maintenance of the district heating and cooling system.<br /> <br /> * https://www.iea-dhc.org/the-research/annexes/2018-2024-annex-ts4<br /> <br /> == Publications ==<br /> === D2.1 REWARDHeat planning schemes database ===<br /> <br /> The deliverable serves as a database for literature review and best practice examples for ultra-low and neutral temperature district heating and cooling networks. Firstly, it provides detailed overview of existing knowledge and published research papers on the different related topics such as: renewable and urban waste heat sources, supply technologies, thermal networks, and end-user substations. Then, the overview of existing next-generation networks is presented, while focusing on their characteristics such as temperature regimes, thermal sources, network topology, etc. This information is organised as a publicly available database hosted on Zenodo platform, available on this link. <br /> <br /> * https://www.rewardheat.eu/Download?id=file:85791000&amp;s=8738463996438230606<br /> <br /> == Tools ==<br /> <br /> == Maps ==<br /> <br /> == Data ==</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=Smart_Energy_Systems&diff=114 2024-09-12T12:00:56Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* sEEnergies project */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[REWARDheat education platform|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> == Projects ==<br /> === sEEnergies project ===<br /> <br /> sEEnergies is a European Horizon2020 project with the overall aim to answer those questions. It quantifies and operationalizes the potential for energy efficiency in buildings, transport, and industry, considering all aspects of the Energy Efficiency First Principle.<br /> <br /> * https://www.seenergies.eu/<br /> <br /> === Sim4Blocks ===<br /> The four year EC-funded project, Sim4Blocks, focused on the development of innovative demand response (DR) services for residential and commercial applications. The project combined decentralised energy management technology at the blocks-of-buildings scale to enable DR.<br /> <br /> * http://www.sim4blocks.eu.com/<br /> <br /> === Reinvest project ===<br /> <br /> The ‘Renewable Energy Investment Strategies’ project, or RE-INVEST, aims to design robust, cost-effective investment strategies that will facilitate an efficient transformation towards a 100% renewable energy system in Europe.<br /> <br /> === IEA Project TS4 ===<br /> <br /> Annex TS4 is a project aiming at promoting the opportunities of the integration of digital processes into DHC schemes and to clarify the role of digitalisation for different parts within the operation and maintenance of the district heating and cooling system.<br /> <br /> * https://www.iea-dhc.org/the-research/annexes/2018-2024-annex-ts4<br /> <br /> == Publications ==<br /> === D2.1 REWARDHeat planning schemes database ===<br /> <br /> The deliverable serves as a database for literature review and best practice examples for ultra-low and neutral temperature district heating and cooling networks. Firstly, it provides detailed overview of existing knowledge and published research papers on the different related topics such as: renewable and urban waste heat sources, supply technologies, thermal networks, and end-user substations. Then, the overview of existing next-generation networks is presented, while focusing on their characteristics such as temperature regimes, thermal sources, network topology, etc. This information is organised as a publicly available database hosted on Zenodo platform, available on this link. <br /> <br /> * https://www.rewardheat.eu/Download?id=file:85791000&amp;s=8738463996438230606<br /> <br /> == Tools ==<br /> <br /> == Maps ==<br /> <br /> == Data ==</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=100%25_Renewable_Energy_Systems&diff=113 2024-09-12T11:59:38Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* Publications */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[REWARDheat education platform|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> == Projects ==<br /> === sEEnergies project ===<br /> <br /> sEEnergies is a European Horizon2020 project with the overall aim to answer those questions. It quantifies and operationalizes the potential for energy efficiency in buildings, transport, and industry, considering all aspects of the Energy Efficiency First Principle.<br /> <br /> * https://www.seenergies.eu/<br /> <br /> === HRE project === <br /> <br /> HRE4 built evidence supporting the decarbonization of the heating and cooling sector in Europe and developed roadmaps for redesigning this sector by combining the knowledge of local waste heat conditions and potential savings with an energy system analysis.<br /> <br /> * https://heatroadmap.eu/<br /> <br /> === RE-INVEST project ===<br /> <br /> The ‘Renewable Energy Investment Strategies’ project, or RE-INVEST, aims to design robust, cost-effective investment strategies that will facilitate an efficient transformation towards a 100% renewable energy system in Europe.<br /> <br /> * https://reinvestproject.eu/<br /> <br /> == Publications ==<br /> <br /> * Hansen, K., Breyer, C., &amp; Lund, H. (2019). Status and perspectives on 100% renewable energy systems. Energy, 175, 471-480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.03.092<br /> <br /> * Mathiesen, B. V., Lund, H., Connolly, D., Wenzel, H., Østergaard, P. A., Möller, B., Nielsen, S., Ridjan, I., Karnøe, P., Sperling, K., &amp; Hvelplund, F. (2015). Smart Energy Systems for coherent 100% renewable energy and transport solutions. Applied Energy, 145, 139–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.075<br /> <br /> == Tools ==<br /> <br /> == Maps ==<br /> <br /> == Data ==</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=100%25_Renewable_Energy_Systems&diff=112 2024-09-12T11:47:30Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* HRE project */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[REWARDheat education platform|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> == Projects ==<br /> === sEEnergies project ===<br /> <br /> sEEnergies is a European Horizon2020 project with the overall aim to answer those questions. It quantifies and operationalizes the potential for energy efficiency in buildings, transport, and industry, considering all aspects of the Energy Efficiency First Principle.<br /> <br /> * https://www.seenergies.eu/<br /> <br /> === HRE project === <br /> <br /> HRE4 built evidence supporting the decarbonization of the heating and cooling sector in Europe and developed roadmaps for redesigning this sector by combining the knowledge of local waste heat conditions and potential savings with an energy system analysis.<br /> <br /> * https://heatroadmap.eu/<br /> <br /> === RE-INVEST project ===<br /> <br /> The ‘Renewable Energy Investment Strategies’ project, or RE-INVEST, aims to design robust, cost-effective investment strategies that will facilitate an efficient transformation towards a 100% renewable energy system in Europe.<br /> <br /> * https://reinvestproject.eu/<br /> <br /> == Publications ==<br /> * <br /> <br /> == Tools ==<br /> <br /> == Maps ==<br /> <br /> == Data ==</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=100%25_Renewable_Energy_Systems&diff=111 2024-09-12T11:47:04Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* sEEnergies project */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[REWARDheat education platform|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> == Projects ==<br /> === sEEnergies project ===<br /> <br /> sEEnergies is a European Horizon2020 project with the overall aim to answer those questions. It quantifies and operationalizes the potential for energy efficiency in buildings, transport, and industry, considering all aspects of the Energy Efficiency First Principle.<br /> <br /> * https://www.seenergies.eu/<br /> <br /> === HRE project === <br /> <br /> HRE4 built evidence supporting the decarbonization of the heating and cooling sector in Europe and developed roadmaps for redesigning this sector by combining the knowledge of local waste heat conditions and potential savings with an energy system analysis.<br /> <br /> * heatroadmapeurope.eu<br /> <br /> === RE-INVEST project ===<br /> <br /> The ‘Renewable Energy Investment Strategies’ project, or RE-INVEST, aims to design robust, cost-effective investment strategies that will facilitate an efficient transformation towards a 100% renewable energy system in Europe.<br /> <br /> * https://reinvestproject.eu/<br /> <br /> == Publications ==<br /> * <br /> <br /> == Tools ==<br /> <br /> == Maps ==<br /> <br /> == Data ==</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=100%25_Renewable_Energy_Systems&diff=110 2024-09-11T13:30:48Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* Reinvest project */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[REWARDheat education platform|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> == Projects ==<br /> === sEEnergies project ===<br /> <br /> sEEnergies is a European Horizon2020 project with the overall aim to answer those questions. It quantifies and operationalizes the potential for energy efficiency in buildings, transport, and industry, considering all aspects of the Energy Efficiency First Principle.<br /> <br /> * seenergies.eu<br /> <br /> === HRE project === <br /> <br /> HRE4 built evidence supporting the decarbonization of the heating and cooling sector in Europe and developed roadmaps for redesigning this sector by combining the knowledge of local waste heat conditions and potential savings with an energy system analysis.<br /> <br /> * heatroadmapeurope.eu<br /> <br /> === RE-INVEST project ===<br /> <br /> The ‘Renewable Energy Investment Strategies’ project, or RE-INVEST, aims to design robust, cost-effective investment strategies that will facilitate an efficient transformation towards a 100% renewable energy system in Europe.<br /> <br /> * https://reinvestproject.eu/<br /> <br /> == Publications ==<br /> * <br /> <br /> == Tools ==<br /> <br /> == Maps ==<br /> <br /> == Data ==</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=What_is_the_role_of_district_heating_in_the_future_energy_system%3F&diff=109 2024-09-11T13:29:47Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* Smart Energy Systems */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[Main Page|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is district heating and the different types?]]<br /> <br /> [[What are the different types of heat supply options?]]<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> [[How to plan low temperature district heating systems?]]<br /> <br /> == Introduction ==<br /> In the future energy systems, with a high share of intermittent renewable energy sources, district heating will have a crucial role by using demand response through implementation of power-to-heat technologies.<br /> <br /> '''According to [1]''', district heating will have to satisfy several criteria in to face future challenges of energy systems:<br /> # Ability to supply low-temperature DH for space heating and domestic hot water<br /> # Ability to distribute heat in thermal networks with low thermal losses<br /> # Ability to recycle heat from low-temperature and integrate renewable energy sources<br /> # Ability to be integrated part of smart energy system<br /> # Ability to ensure suitable planning, cost, and motivation structures in relation to the operation and investment<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The role of district heating in the future energy system==<br /> <br /> ===Efficiency===<br /> '''Advanced page: [[Efficiency]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Sector coupling===<br /> '''Advanced page: [[Sector coupling]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> === Smart Energy Systems ===<br /> Definition of smart energy system is '''proposed in [3]''' as follows “a system in which smart electricity, thermal and gas grids are combined and coordinated to identify synergies between them to achieve an optimal solution for each individual sector as well as for the overall energy system”.<br /> <br /> District Heating can support the implementation of smart energy systems by, amongst others, facilitating the coupling between electricity and heat through power-to-heat technologies, such as heat pumps and electric boilers. In DH networks with lower temperatures, these technologies will operate more efficiently.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[Smart Energy Systems]]'''<br /> <br /> ===100% Renewable Energy Systems===<br /> <br /> District Heating and Cooling can support the transition to 100% renewable energy systems by facilitating the integration of renewable heat sources, such as solar thermal, geothermal, ambient heat (groundwater, air) as well as excess heat from a variety of sources (industrial excess heat, datacenters, supermarkets, transformer stations etc.). As temperatures in district heating networks are decreased, even more renewable heat sources and excess heat can be integrated. <br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[100% Renewable Energy Systems]]'''</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=What_is_the_role_of_district_heating_in_the_future_energy_system%3F&diff=108 2024-09-11T13:27:27Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* 100% renewable energy systems */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[Main Page|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is district heating and the different types?]]<br /> <br /> [[What are the different types of heat supply options?]]<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> [[How to plan low temperature district heating systems?]]<br /> <br /> == Introduction ==<br /> In the future energy systems, with a high share of intermittent renewable energy sources, district heating will have a crucial role by using demand response through implementation of power-to-heat technologies.<br /> <br /> '''According to [1]''', district heating will have to satisfy several criteria in to face future challenges of energy systems:<br /> # Ability to supply low-temperature DH for space heating and domestic hot water<br /> # Ability to distribute heat in thermal networks with low thermal losses<br /> # Ability to recycle heat from low-temperature and integrate renewable energy sources<br /> # Ability to be integrated part of smart energy system<br /> # Ability to ensure suitable planning, cost, and motivation structures in relation to the operation and investment<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The role of district heating in the future energy system==<br /> <br /> ===Efficiency===<br /> '''Advanced page: [[Efficiency]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Sector coupling===<br /> '''Advanced page: [[Sector coupling]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> === Smart Energy Systems ===<br /> Definition of smart energy system is '''proposed in [3]''' as follows “a system in which smart electricity, thermal and gas grids are combined and coordinated to identify synergies between them to achieve an optimal solution for each individual sector as well as for the overall energy system”.<br /> <br /> '''NOTE FROM GENERAL ASSEMBLY - The role of DH as an enabler for circulating resources in society.'''<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[Smart Energy Systems]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> ===100% Renewable Energy Systems===<br /> <br /> District Heating and Cooling can support the transition to 100% renewable energy systems by facilitating the integration of renewable heat sources, such as solar thermal, geothermal, ambient heat (groundwater, air) as well as excess heat from a variety of sources (industrial excess heat, datacenters, supermarkets, transformer stations etc.). As temperatures in district heating networks are decreased, even more renewable heat sources and excess heat can be integrated. <br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[100% Renewable Energy Systems]]'''</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=Thermal_storage&diff=107 2024-09-11T13:22:19Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* Projects */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[REWARDheat education platform|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What are the different types of heat supply options?]]<br /> <br /> ==Projects==<br /> ===Høje Taastrup heat storage (FLEX_TES project)===<br /> <br /> Design and Construction of the Pit Thermal Energy Storage in Høje Taastrup <br /> <br /> * https://planenergi.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/FLEX_TES-Implementationreport_final_23.12.23.pdf<br /> <br /> Link to the FLEX_TES project at EUDP:<br /> <br /> * https://eudp.dk/en/node/15739<br /> <br /> ==Publications==<br /> === D2.1 REWARDHeat planning schemes database ===<br /> <br /> The deliverable serves as a database for literature review and best practice examples for ultra-low and neutral temperature district heating and cooling networks. Firstly, it provides detailed overview of existing knowledge and published research papers on the different related topics such as: renewable and urban waste heat sources, supply technologies, thermal networks, and end-user substations. Then, the overview of existing next-generation networks is presented, while focusing on their characteristics such as temperature regimes, thermal sources, network topology, etc. This information is organised as a publicly available database hosted on Zenodo platform, available on this link.<br /> <br /> * https://www.rewardheat.eu/Download?id=file:85791000&amp;s=8738463996438230606<br /> <br /> === RewardHeat D4.5 Helsingborg Energy Centre design ===<br /> <br /> The report outlines, amongst others, the design and operation of a thermal energy storage tank and borehole thermal energy storage at the Tornet Energy Centre in Helsingborg.<br /> <br /> * https://www.rewardheat.eu/Download?id=file:89549300&amp;s=5282743330746951524<br /> <br /> === High-Temperature Thermal Energy Storage for electrification and district heating ===<br /> <br /> The present work describes development of a High Temperature Thermal Energy Storage (HT-TES) system based on rock bed technology. <br /> <br /> * https://orbit.dtu.dk/files/147556283/Pedersen_et_al_LASDEWES2018_0250_1_12.pdf<br /> <br /> === Supplier information TDS ===<br /> <br /> ==Tools==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Maps==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Data==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Abandoned mines and O&amp;G wells</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=Thermal_storage&diff=106 2024-09-11T13:21:55Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* Publications */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[REWARDheat education platform|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What are the different types of heat supply options?]]<br /> <br /> ==Projects==<br /> Høje Taastrup heat storage Heat storage in Høje Taastrup – The project passes a very important milestone!! – DBDH https://dbdh.dk/heat-storage-in-hoje-taastrup-the-project-passes-a-very-important-milestone/ <br /> <br /> ==Publications==<br /> === D2.1 REWARDHeat planning schemes database ===<br /> <br /> The deliverable serves as a database for literature review and best practice examples for ultra-low and neutral temperature district heating and cooling networks. Firstly, it provides detailed overview of existing knowledge and published research papers on the different related topics such as: renewable and urban waste heat sources, supply technologies, thermal networks, and end-user substations. Then, the overview of existing next-generation networks is presented, while focusing on their characteristics such as temperature regimes, thermal sources, network topology, etc. This information is organised as a publicly available database hosted on Zenodo platform, available on this link.<br /> <br /> * https://www.rewardheat.eu/Download?id=file:85791000&amp;s=8738463996438230606<br /> <br /> === RewardHeat D4.5 Helsingborg Energy Centre design ===<br /> <br /> The report outlines, amongst others, the design and operation of a thermal energy storage tank and borehole thermal energy storage at the Tornet Energy Centre in Helsingborg.<br /> <br /> * https://www.rewardheat.eu/Download?id=file:89549300&amp;s=5282743330746951524<br /> <br /> === High-Temperature Thermal Energy Storage for electrification and district heating ===<br /> <br /> The present work describes development of a High Temperature Thermal Energy Storage (HT-TES) system based on rock bed technology. <br /> <br /> * https://orbit.dtu.dk/files/147556283/Pedersen_et_al_LASDEWES2018_0250_1_12.pdf<br /> <br /> === Supplier information TDS ===<br /> <br /> ==Tools==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Maps==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Data==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Abandoned mines and O&amp;G wells</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=Thermal_storage&diff=105 2024-09-11T13:20:17Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* D2.1 REWARDHeat planning schemes database */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[REWARDheat education platform|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What are the different types of heat supply options?]]<br /> <br /> ==Projects==<br /> Høje Taastrup heat storage Heat storage in Høje Taastrup – The project passes a very important milestone!! – DBDH https://dbdh.dk/heat-storage-in-hoje-taastrup-the-project-passes-a-very-important-milestone/ <br /> <br /> ==Publications==<br /> === D2.1 REWARDHeat planning schemes database ===<br /> <br /> The deliverable serves as a database for literature review and best practice examples for ultra-low and neutral temperature district heating and cooling networks. Firstly, it provides detailed overview of existing knowledge and published research papers on the different related topics such as: renewable and urban waste heat sources, supply technologies, thermal networks, and end-user substations. Then, the overview of existing next-generation networks is presented, while focusing on their characteristics such as temperature regimes, thermal sources, network topology, etc. This information is organised as a publicly available database hosted on Zenodo platform, available on this link.<br /> <br /> * https://www.rewardheat.eu/Download?id=file:85791000&amp;s=8738463996438230606<br /> <br /> === High-Temperature Thermal Energy Storage for electrification and district heating ===<br /> <br /> The present work describes development of a High Temperature Thermal Energy Storage (HT-TES) system based on rock bed technology. <br /> <br /> * https://orbit.dtu.dk/files/147556283/Pedersen_et_al_LASDEWES2018_0250_1_12.pdf<br /> <br /> === Rewardheat D4.5 (to be submitted in June) ===<br /> <br /> === Supplier information TDS ===<br /> <br /> ==Tools==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Maps==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Data==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Abandoned mines and O&amp;G wells</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=Urban_thermal_sources&diff=104 2024-09-11T13:19:35Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* D2.1 REWARDHeat planning schemes database */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[REWARDheat education platform|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What are the different types of heat supply options?]]<br /> <br /> ==Projects==<br /> <br /> ==Publications==<br /> === REUSEHeat handbook ===<br /> <br /> The aim of this book is to consolidate information from low temperature waste heat recovery demonstration sites. Apart from technical validation, the ReUseHeat project has generated knowledge about the urban waste heat potential in Europe, main stakeholders and different business aspects.<br /> <br /> * https://www.reuseheat.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/ReUseHeat-Handbook-For-Increased-Recovery-of-Urban-Excess-Heat.pdf<br /> <br /> === REUSEHeat D1.4 Accessible urban waste heat ===<br /> <br /> ReUseHeat project aims to assess the accessible EU28 urban excess heat recovery potential from seven unconventional excess heat sources: data centres, metro stations, food production facilities, food retail stores, residential sector buildings, service sector buildings, and waste water treatment plants.<br /> <br /> * https://www.reuseheat.eu/project-documents-newsletter/<br /> <br /> === REUSEHeat D1.9 ===<br /> Report on the amounts of urban waste heat accessible in the EU28 <br /> * https://www.reuseheat.eu/project-documents-newsletter/<br /> <br /> === D2.1 REWARDHeat planning schemes database ===<br /> <br /> The deliverable serves as a database for literature review and best practice examples for ultra-low and neutral temperature district heating and cooling networks. Firstly, it provides detailed overview of existing knowledge and published research papers on the different related topics such as: renewable and urban waste heat sources, supply technologies, thermal networks, and end-user substations. Then, the overview of existing next-generation networks is presented, while focusing on their characteristics such as temperature regimes, thermal sources, network topology, etc. This information is organised as a publicly available database hosted on Zenodo platform, available on this link.<br /> <br /> * https://www.rewardheat.eu/Download?id=file:85791000&amp;s=8738463996438230606<br /> <br /> ==Tools==<br /> === DELPHIN - Simulation program for the coupled transport of heat, air, moisture, pollutants and salt ===<br /> <br /> DELPHIN is a multilingual simulation program for the coupled heat, moisture and mass transport in capillary porous building materials. The DELPHIN software is used in a variety of ways:<br /> * https://www.bauklimatik-dresden.de/delphin/<br /> <br /> ==Maps==<br /> === Varmeplan Danmark 2021 (Heat Plan Denmark 2021) ===<br /> * https://energymaps.plan.aau.dk/?page_id=402<br /> <br /> ==Data==</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=Supply_and_boosting_technologies&diff=103 2024-09-11T13:19:04Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* D2.1 REWARDHeat planning schemes database */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[REWARDheat education platform|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What are the different types of heat supply options?]]<br /> <br /> ==Projects==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Publications==<br /> === HP producers sheets ===<br /> <br /> === D2.1 REWARDHeat planning schemes database ===<br /> <br /> The deliverable serves as a database for literature review and best practice examples for ultra-low and neutral temperature district heating and cooling networks. Firstly, it provides detailed overview of existing knowledge and published research papers on the different related topics such as: renewable and urban waste heat sources, supply technologies, thermal networks, and end-user substations. Then, the overview of existing next-generation networks is presented, while focusing on their characteristics such as temperature regimes, thermal sources, network topology, etc. This information is organised as a publicly available database hosted on Zenodo platform, available on this link.<br /> <br /> * https://www.rewardheat.eu/Download?id=file:85791000&amp;s=8738463996438230606<br /> <br /> === D4.1 Configuration and sizing of packaged substations ===<br /> <br /> This report aims at supporting the development of novel substation concepts for low- and neutraltemperature DH networks, with the ambition of creating a knowledgebase for the development of standardised solutions including HP units for applications at building level.<br /> * https://www.rewardheat.eu/Download?id=file:83933800&amp;s=8145286562885594238<br /> <br /> ==Tools==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Maps==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Data==</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=Commercialisation&diff=102 2024-09-11T13:17:42Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* Publications */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[REWARDheat education platform|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[How to plan low temperature district heating systems?]]<br /> <br /> Excess heat collaboration: Risk assessment of industrial excess heat collaborations<br /> -Empirical<br /> data from new and ongoing installations<br /> - Excess heat supply collaborations within the district heating sector: Drivers<br /> and barriers<br /> -<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Projects ==<br /> <br /> === SO WHAT project ===<br /> <br /> The SO WHAT main objective is to develop and demonstrate an integrated software which supports industries and energy utilities in selecting, simulating and comparing alternative Waste Heat and Waste Cold (WH/C) exploitation technologies that could cost-effectively balance the local forecasted H&amp;C demand also via renewable energy sources (RES) integration.<br /> <br /> * https://sowhatproject.eu/sowhat-tool/<br /> <br /> == Publications ==<br /> <br /> === REWARDHeat D3.4 Business Models === <br /> <br /> Business models at the REWARDHeat demonstration sites.<br /> <br /> * https://www.rewardheat.eu/Download?id=file:86984900&amp;s=1638885333579615981<br /> <br /> === REWARDHeat D3.5 Attracting institutional investors to low temperature DHC networks ===<br /> <br /> This deliverable focuses on the development of financing solutions which are attractive to potential investors for the district energy sector.<br /> <br /> * https://www.rewardheat.eu/Download?id=file:89549200&amp;s=-6522020063897120289<br /> <br /> === Journal articles ===<br /> <br /> Kristina Lygnerud, Tobias Popovic, Sebastian Schultze, Hanne Kortegaard Støchkel,<br /> District heating in the future - thoughts on the business model,<br /> Energy, Volume 278, 2023, 127714, ISSN 0360-5442, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.127714.<br /> (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544223011088)<br /> <br /> * Analysis of how business models need to change to meet changing business conditions in the future (time horizon 2050). The process of applying the value proposition canvas and the business model canvas for understanding the future business models to the case of district heating has been documented.<br /> <br /> == Tools ==<br /> <br /> == Maps ==<br /> <br /> == Data ==</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=Commercialisation&diff=101 2024-09-11T13:17:16Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* Projects */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[REWARDheat education platform|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[How to plan low temperature district heating systems?]]<br /> <br /> Excess heat collaboration: Risk assessment of industrial excess heat collaborations<br /> -Empirical<br /> data from new and ongoing installations<br /> - Excess heat supply collaborations within the district heating sector: Drivers<br /> and barriers<br /> -<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Projects ==<br /> <br /> === SO WHAT project ===<br /> <br /> The SO WHAT main objective is to develop and demonstrate an integrated software which supports industries and energy utilities in selecting, simulating and comparing alternative Waste Heat and Waste Cold (WH/C) exploitation technologies that could cost-effectively balance the local forecasted H&amp;C demand also via renewable energy sources (RES) integration.<br /> <br /> * https://sowhatproject.eu/sowhat-tool/<br /> <br /> == Publications ==<br /> <br /> == Tools ==<br /> <br /> == Maps ==<br /> <br /> == Data ==</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=Low_temperature_district_heat_(4GDH)&diff=100 2024-09-11T13:15:33Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* Projects */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[REWARDheat education platform|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is district heating and the different types?]]<br /> <br /> ==Projects==<br /> <br /> === COOL DH ===<br /> <br /> COOL DH is an abbreviation of Cool ways of using low grade Heat Sources from Cooling and Surplus Heat for heating of Energy Efficient Buildings with new Low Temperature District Heating (LTDH) Solutions. The COOL DH project innovates, demonstrates, evaluates, and disseminates technological solutions needed to exploit and utilise sources of very low-grade surplus heat for heating of energy efficient buildings via Low Temperature District Heating (LTDH). The project shows how the transition of District Heating (DH) systems towards LTDH can make these more resource efficient and more energy efficient.<br /> <br /> * https://www.cooldh.eu/<br /> <br /> === TEMPO project ===<br /> <br /> The TEMPO – Temperature Optimisation for Low-Temperature District Heating across Europe – project developed technical innovations that enable district heating networks to operate at lower temperatures. Please check the project deliverables for further details. <br /> <br /> * https://www.tempo-dhc.eu/<br /> <br /> === IEA-DHC Annes TS2 ===<br /> <br /> Implementation of Low Temperature District Heating Systems. Annex TS2 is a project aiming at facilitating the implementation of 4th generation District Heating (4GDH). It is a continuation of the first task shared Annex on 4GDH which aimed at collecting what is known about 4GDH in one report (Annex TS1). <br /> <br /> * https://www.iea-dhc.org/the-research/annexes/2017-2021-annex-ts2<br /> <br /> ==Publications==<br /> <br /> === REWARDHeat Deliverable 7.4 ===<br /> <br /> * D7.4 – Scenarios Beyond REWARDHeat: Energy, Environmental, Economic and Societal Impact Assessment<br /> <br /> This report relates on the impacts of the REWARDHeat solutions developed, in terms of the energy, environmental, economic and societal aspects in the demonstrator networks and on a large scale in the urban or municipal DHC system surrounding.<br /> <br /> https://www.rewardheat.eu/Download?id=file:89549400&amp;s=5943856000978491130<br /> <br /> === RESUSEHeat handbook ===<br /> <br /> The aim of this book is to consolidate information from low temperature waste heat recovery demonstration sites. Apart from technical validation, the ReUseHeat project has generated knowledge about the urban waste heat potential in Europe, main stakeholders and different business aspects.<br /> <br /> * https://www.reuseheat.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/ReUseHeat-Handbook-For-Increased-Recovery-of-Urban-Excess-Heat.pdf<br /> <br /> === DHC+ Knowledge Hub ===<br /> <br /> * Euroheat &amp; Power DHC+ Knowledge Hub (also for all other DHC related topics)<br /> <br /> Database of resources linked to district heating and cooling, including academic reports &amp; studies, research project outcomes, market analysis as well as other relevant content for the sector.<br /> <br /> https://www.euroheat.org/dhc/knowledge-hub<br /> <br /> === Journal articles ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Lund 2014.png|thumb|right]]<br /> <br /> This article by Henrik Lund and others offers a widely used definition of the concept of 4th Generation District Heating (4GDH) including the relations to District Cooling and the concepts of smart energy and smart thermal grids:<br /> <br /> * Lund, H., Werner, S., Wiltshire, R., Svendsen, S., Thorsen, J. E., Hvelplund, F., &amp; Mathiesen, B. V. (2014). 4th Generation District Heating (4GDH): Integrating smart thermal grids into future sustainable energy systems. Energy, 68, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.02.089<br /> <br /> ==Tools==<br /> <br /> ==Maps==<br /> <br /> ==Data==</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=Low_temperature_district_heat_(4GDH)&diff=99 2024-09-11T13:14:54Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* Publications */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[REWARDheat education platform|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is district heating and the different types?]]<br /> <br /> ==Projects==<br /> <br /> === COOL DH ===<br /> <br /> COOL DH is an abbreviation of Cool ways of using low grade Heat Sources from Cooling and Surplus Heat for heating of Energy Efficient Buildings with new Low Temperature District Heating (LTDH) Solutions. The COOL DH project innovates, demonstrates, evaluates, and disseminates technological solutions needed to exploit and utilise sources of very low-grade surplus heat for heating of energy efficient buildings via Low Temperature District Heating (LTDH). The project shows how the transition of District Heating (DH) systems towards LTDH can make these more resource efficient and more energy efficient.<br /> <br /> * https://www.cooldh.eu/<br /> <br /> === TEMPO project ===<br /> <br /> Tempo project deliverables. The TEMPO – Temperature Optimisation for Low-Temperature District Heating across Europe – project developed technical innovations that enable district heating networks to operate at lower temperatures. <br /> <br /> * https://www.tempo-dhc.eu/<br /> <br /> === IEA-DHC Annes TS2 ===<br /> <br /> Implementation of Low Temperature District Heating Systems. Annex TS2 is a project aiming at facilitating the implementation of 4th generation Dis- trict Heating (4GDH). It is a continuation of the first task shared annex on 4GDH which aimed at collecting what is known about 4GDH in one report (Annex TS1). <br /> <br /> * https://www.iea-dhc.org/the-research/annexes/2017-2021-annex-ts2<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Publications==<br /> <br /> === REWARDHeat Deliverable 7.4 ===<br /> <br /> * D7.4 – Scenarios Beyond REWARDHeat: Energy, Environmental, Economic and Societal Impact Assessment<br /> <br /> This report relates on the impacts of the REWARDHeat solutions developed, in terms of the energy, environmental, economic and societal aspects in the demonstrator networks and on a large scale in the urban or municipal DHC system surrounding.<br /> <br /> https://www.rewardheat.eu/Download?id=file:89549400&amp;s=5943856000978491130<br /> <br /> === RESUSEHeat handbook ===<br /> <br /> The aim of this book is to consolidate information from low temperature waste heat recovery demonstration sites. Apart from technical validation, the ReUseHeat project has generated knowledge about the urban waste heat potential in Europe, main stakeholders and different business aspects.<br /> <br /> * https://www.reuseheat.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/ReUseHeat-Handbook-For-Increased-Recovery-of-Urban-Excess-Heat.pdf<br /> <br /> === DHC+ Knowledge Hub ===<br /> <br /> * Euroheat &amp; Power DHC+ Knowledge Hub (also for all other DHC related topics)<br /> <br /> Database of resources linked to district heating and cooling, including academic reports &amp; studies, research project outcomes, market analysis as well as other relevant content for the sector.<br /> <br /> https://www.euroheat.org/dhc/knowledge-hub<br /> <br /> === Journal articles ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Lund 2014.png|thumb|right]]<br /> <br /> This article by Henrik Lund and others offers a widely used definition of the concept of 4th Generation District Heating (4GDH) including the relations to District Cooling and the concepts of smart energy and smart thermal grids:<br /> <br /> * Lund, H., Werner, S., Wiltshire, R., Svendsen, S., Thorsen, J. E., Hvelplund, F., &amp; Mathiesen, B. V. (2014). 4th Generation District Heating (4GDH): Integrating smart thermal grids into future sustainable energy systems. Energy, 68, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.02.089<br /> <br /> ==Tools==<br /> <br /> ==Maps==<br /> <br /> ==Data==</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=Conventional_district_heating_(3GDH)&diff=98 2024-09-11T13:12:57Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* Publications */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[REWARDheat education platform|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is district heating and the different types?]]<br /> <br /> ==Projects==<br /> <br /> === TEMPO ===<br /> <br /> TEMPO is the acronym for: Temperature Optimisation for Low Temperature District Heating across Europe and focusses on the development, demonstration and deployment of innovations for low temperature district heating networks.<br /> <br /> * https://www.tempo-dhc.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/D4.3-Integrated-Improved-Innovations-in-a2a-Network.pdf<br /> <br /> === IEA Project TS4 ===<br /> <br /> Annex TS4 is a project aiming at promoting the opportunities of the integration of digital processes into DHC schemes and to clarify the role of digitalisation for different parts within the operation and maintenance of the district heating and cooling system.<br /> <br /> * https://www.iea-dhc.org/the-research/annexes/2018-2024-annex-ts4<br /> <br /> ==Publications==<br /> === District heating and cooling ===<br /> This sub-page is dedicated to key literature providing introductory and advanced knowledge about aspects typical of district heating and cooling, which is very vital for a basic understanding of, or very unique for, this niche technology. This is a key book regarding the subject:<br /> <br /> * District Heating and Cooling by Svend Frederiksen &amp; Sven Werner, 2013, Lund : Studentlitteratur, ISBN: 9789144085302, 586 sider.<br /> <br /> [[File:DH_book_werner1.jpg|thumb]]<br /> *<br /> <br /> [[File:DH book werner1.jpg|thumb]]<br /> <br /> ==Tools==<br /> <br /> ==Maps==<br /> <br /> ==Data==</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=What_are_the_different_types_of_heat_supply_options%3F&diff=97 2024-08-27T11:52:10Z

<p>KarlSperling: </p> <hr /> <div>'''[[Main Page|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is district heating and the different types?]]<br /> <br /> [[What are the different types of heat supply options?]]<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> [[How to plan low temperature district heating systems?]]<br /> <br /> == Introduction ==<br /> <br /> One of the main parts of every district heating system are heat sources. The number of heat sources vary in each network. More heat sources mean that heat supply will be more continuous and more reliable. Reduction of supply temperature enables integration of additional low-temperature thermal sources. While conventional DH typically relies on combined heat and power (CHP) and heat-only boilers, modern DH supply options include low temperature technologies, such as heat pumps. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Different types of heat supply options==<br /> <br /> === Natural thermal sources ===<br /> <br /> ==== Groundwater ====<br /> Groundwater is commonly used in NTDH systems since it provides relatively constant temperature due to high thermal large thermal capacity of the source.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Natural thermal sources ]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> === Urban thermal sources ===<br /> <br /> ==== Waste heat, surplus heat and excess heat ====<br /> Waste heat, surplus heat and excess heat are synonyms for the heat generated by a process that is not absorbed by that process. The temperature of the waste heat depends on the process generating it. Urban heat sources are often called “LT heat sources” and can be used directly in LTDHNs or high-temperature systems by using a booster HP to bring the heat source to the necessary temperature of the high temperature DHN. The heat to recover can come data centre, service sector buildings (hospital), transport infrastructure (metro tunnel) and water (sea and sewage) &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuseheat.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/ReUseHeat-Handbook-For-Increased-Recovery-of-Urban-Excess-Heat.pdf Handbook for increased recovery of urban excess heat - ReUseHeat]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Excess heat sources.png|frameless|right]]<br /> <br /> ==== Urban water systems ====<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Urban thermal sources ]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> === Supply and boosting technologies ===<br /> <br /> ==== Combined heat and power ====<br /> Cogeneration, or combined heat and power (CHP), is technology which can simultaneously produce heating and electrical energy. Generally, there are two types of CHP, called back-pressure and extraction cogeneration. In the back-pressure CHP, heating and electrical load are directly correlated, i.e. there is no flexibility in plant operation. Cogeneration only operates if there is district heating load. However, flexibility of such plant can be increased if thermal storage is installed. On the other hand, extraction CHP is relatively flexible since electricity production does not necessarily follow heating load, as shown in Figure 10. The figure shows operating regions for two mentioned CHP types by using so called power-heat (P-Q) diagrams. It can be noticed that P-Q diagram for extraction CHP is a whole operational region, while P-Q diagram for back-pressure CHP is a single line.<br /> <br /> Cogeneration systems are an important part of the system since they provide power-heating sector coupling and offer high energy efficiency of fuel utilisation. Nevertheless, it should be mentioned that CHP systems are rarely directly connected to ULTDH or NTDH networks. CHP systems are important for DH systems in energy transition. To fully cover thermal demand of ULTDH and NTDH systems, natural or waste heat sources should be primarily used.<br /> <br /> [[File:Backpressure and extraction.png|frameless|right]]<br /> <br /> ==== Heat pumps ====<br /> Heat pumps are crucial part of ULTDH and NTDH systems due to the several reasons. Firstly, coefficient of performance (COP) is increased with thermal network supply temperature reduction. Secondly, they enable power and heating sector coupling. Thirdly, heat pumps can be integrated with thermal storage thus increasing flexibility of the system and enable smoother operation of the district heating system.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Supply and boosting technologies ]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> === Thermal storage ===<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Thermal storage ]]'''</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=What_is_district_heating_and_the_different_types%3F&diff=96 2024-07-03T12:33:20Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* Ultra low temperature district heat (ULTDH) */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[Main Page|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is district heating and the different types?]]<br /> <br /> [[What are the different types of heat supply options?]]<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> [[How to plan low temperature district heating systems?]]<br /> <br /> == Introduction ==<br /> <br /> District heating systems can be divided in various ways based upon their characteristics (most commonly network temperatures). There are various types of district heating with different [[What are the different types of heat supply options?|heating sources]].<br /> <br /> Reduction of supply temperatures brings additional benefits to an overall energy system. They should be considered when developing new ULTDH and NTDH systems since these changes enable operational cost reduction and increase economic feasibility of the needed investments.<br /> <br /> District heating can be built in different urban environments, including new areas, current areas etc. <br /> [[File:Range of urban envi2.png|right|frameless]]<br /> For DH networks in transition, some authors recommend the use of 65-70°C as the optimal forward temperature for DH networks, since lower temperatures require high investment, among others DH booster HP units in each dwelling.<br /> <br /> When estimating the potential for the integration of renewable energy sources in district heating and cooling systems, the type of system and development stage is of large significance. Here, we categorize DH systems into:<br /> # Existing conventional DH system<br /> # Existing LTDH system<br /> # Potential LTDH system in existing town<br /> # Potential LTDH system as a green field project<br /> For existing systems, it is very important to consider what type of energy supply is already present, as it is the replacement of the existing supply that determines the feasibility of potential new supply. It is also important to distinguish between a LTDH system or conventional DH system, as this will influence the feasibility of many heat sources. In new potential LTDH systems the supply needs to be able to compete with other individual supply alternatives. In an existing town, it is important to examine if the buildings are compatible with LTDH (temperature range 50-70 °C) or need refurbishments. In green field projects, the planning of new buildings or building refurbishment and LTDH supply should be carried out in a coordinated manner. Finally, it should be mentioned that waste heat recovery and integration of renewable energy sources can also happen in ULTDH (Ultra Low Temperature District Heating) and NTDH (Neutral Temperature District Heating). ULTDH is at a temperature level (as low as 45 °C) high enough to supply space heating in new buildings, but needs heat pump boosting for domestic hot water, while NTDH is at a temperature level (in the range of 15-35 °C) that needs heat pump boosting for, both space, heating and domestic hot water.<br /> <br /> * Download the REWARDHeat database of existing next-generation DHC networks [https://zenodo.org/record/6390223/files/REWARDHeat%20D2.1_Database_NTDH%2CULTDH%2CLTDH.xlsx?download=1 here]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==District heating and the different types==<br /> <br /> === Conventional district heating ===<br /> Conventional district heating systems are characterized by high temperatures of water in the system and use of fossil fuels as [[What are the different types of heat supply options?|heat sources]]. These two characteristics cause: dependency on foreign countries that export fossil fuels, excessive emissions of CO2 and high heat losses in the thermal network. So, to reduce these negative effects, or even to eliminate them, new district systems are being developed. They are usually named as follows: low temperature (LTDH), ultra-low - (ULTDH) and neutral temperature (NTDH) district heating system. Operating temperatures of these systems are much lower than in conventional district heating systems which enables incorporation of low-temperature renewable energy and waste heat sources in the thermal network.<br /> <br /> The main difference between mentioned district heating systems is the supply network temperatures and end-user substation type. Depending on temperature of the network, different consumer substations for space heating (SH), space cooling (SC), and domestic hot water (DHW) preparation are used. It must be noted that there is no universal definition of these systems regarding network temperatures, system configuration or consumer substations because these systems are still developing.<br /> <br /> Supply temperature reduction improves performance of renewable heating technologies, either by direct utilization (e.g., solar thermal collectors) or by use of heat pumps. Furthermore, temperature reduction has positive influence on central heat supply units, such as co-generation and heat-only boilers. Finally, it gives possibility for decreased heat losses in distribution networks.<br /> <br /> On the other hand, low temperature DH systems have lower temperature difference between supply and return lines. Thus, it is subject to increased investment and pump operation due to the larger volume flow rate for a fixed heat delivery. Besides this, there are additional aspects which should be considered when developing ULTDH and NTDH networks, such as additional investments needed for substation and decentralised heat booster technologies.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[Conventional district heating (3GDH)]] '''<br /> <br /> <br /> === Low temperature district heat (LTDH) ===<br /> In LTDH systems temperatures can reach up to 75°C. LTDH network supply temperatures are mostly in range between 55 and 70°C. These temperatures are high enough for space heating and theoretically for domestic hot water preparation. To enable DHW preparation with such supply temperatures, instantaneous heat exchangers and district heating storage units on primary side are being implemented at the consumer substation.<br /> <br /> LTDH systems are sometimes considered as the fourth generation of district heating (4DH), the term coined by '''Henrik Lund et al [1].'''. The evolution of DH systems is shown in '''Figure 1'''. It can be noticed that every next generation follows supply temperature reduction and increase of energy efficiency, due to lower distribution heat losses. [[File:Generations of district heat.png|frameless|right]]<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Low temperature district heat (4GDH) ]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> === Ultra low temperature district heat (ULTDH) ===<br /> ULTDH systems operate with network temperatures up to around 50°C. These temperatures are high enough to satisfy consumer space heating needs, but for the domestic hot water preparation a booster device is needed to prevent Legionella growth. Different technologies could be used for temperature boosting such as heat pumps, electrical heaters, solar collectors, boilers, etc.. In '''Lund et al [1]''' ULTDH and NTDH networks are also described as the fifth generation of district heating (5DH).<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Ultra low temperature district heat (5GDH) ]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> === Neutral temperature district heat (NTDH) ===<br /> NTDH systems have such low temperatures (up to 35°C) which are not high enough both for space heating and domestic hot water preparation. So, every consumer substation is equipped with booster heat pumps to raise temperatures to desired levels needed for SH and DHW preparation. Due to the low temperature regime, these systems also offer the possibility of space cooling. Furthermore, these networks can enable bidirectional energy exchange between supplier and customer.<br /> <br /> NTDH networks in smart energy systems enable power-heating sector coupling through heat pumps, solar thermal and photovoltaics integration. Secondly, they can offer bi-directional energy exchange between network and the users. This could be a revolutionary aspect since the thermal price is not the main economic driver anymore. Both network operator and end-user can have benefits of such a configuration. Thirdly, NTDH can potentially have interconnection with the gas sector. For example, biomethane could be used as a back-up boiler or integrated with DHW production in a multi-purpose heat pump. In combination with thermal storage, it can offer great flexibility.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Neutral temperature district heat (5GDH) ]]'''</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=What_is_district_heating_and_the_different_types%3F&diff=95 2024-07-03T12:31:18Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* Low temperature district heat */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[Main Page|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is district heating and the different types?]]<br /> <br /> [[What are the different types of heat supply options?]]<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> [[How to plan low temperature district heating systems?]]<br /> <br /> == Introduction ==<br /> <br /> District heating systems can be divided in various ways based upon their characteristics (most commonly network temperatures). There are various types of district heating with different [[What are the different types of heat supply options?|heating sources]].<br /> <br /> Reduction of supply temperatures brings additional benefits to an overall energy system. They should be considered when developing new ULTDH and NTDH systems since these changes enable operational cost reduction and increase economic feasibility of the needed investments.<br /> <br /> District heating can be built in different urban environments, including new areas, current areas etc. <br /> [[File:Range of urban envi2.png|right|frameless]]<br /> For DH networks in transition, some authors recommend the use of 65-70°C as the optimal forward temperature for DH networks, since lower temperatures require high investment, among others DH booster HP units in each dwelling.<br /> <br /> When estimating the potential for the integration of renewable energy sources in district heating and cooling systems, the type of system and development stage is of large significance. Here, we categorize DH systems into:<br /> # Existing conventional DH system<br /> # Existing LTDH system<br /> # Potential LTDH system in existing town<br /> # Potential LTDH system as a green field project<br /> For existing systems, it is very important to consider what type of energy supply is already present, as it is the replacement of the existing supply that determines the feasibility of potential new supply. It is also important to distinguish between a LTDH system or conventional DH system, as this will influence the feasibility of many heat sources. In new potential LTDH systems the supply needs to be able to compete with other individual supply alternatives. In an existing town, it is important to examine if the buildings are compatible with LTDH (temperature range 50-70 °C) or need refurbishments. In green field projects, the planning of new buildings or building refurbishment and LTDH supply should be carried out in a coordinated manner. Finally, it should be mentioned that waste heat recovery and integration of renewable energy sources can also happen in ULTDH (Ultra Low Temperature District Heating) and NTDH (Neutral Temperature District Heating). ULTDH is at a temperature level (as low as 45 °C) high enough to supply space heating in new buildings, but needs heat pump boosting for domestic hot water, while NTDH is at a temperature level (in the range of 15-35 °C) that needs heat pump boosting for, both space, heating and domestic hot water.<br /> <br /> * Download the REWARDHeat database of existing next-generation DHC networks [https://zenodo.org/record/6390223/files/REWARDHeat%20D2.1_Database_NTDH%2CULTDH%2CLTDH.xlsx?download=1 here]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==District heating and the different types==<br /> <br /> === Conventional district heating ===<br /> Conventional district heating systems are characterized by high temperatures of water in the system and use of fossil fuels as [[What are the different types of heat supply options?|heat sources]]. These two characteristics cause: dependency on foreign countries that export fossil fuels, excessive emissions of CO2 and high heat losses in the thermal network. So, to reduce these negative effects, or even to eliminate them, new district systems are being developed. They are usually named as follows: low temperature (LTDH), ultra-low - (ULTDH) and neutral temperature (NTDH) district heating system. Operating temperatures of these systems are much lower than in conventional district heating systems which enables incorporation of low-temperature renewable energy and waste heat sources in the thermal network.<br /> <br /> The main difference between mentioned district heating systems is the supply network temperatures and end-user substation type. Depending on temperature of the network, different consumer substations for space heating (SH), space cooling (SC), and domestic hot water (DHW) preparation are used. It must be noted that there is no universal definition of these systems regarding network temperatures, system configuration or consumer substations because these systems are still developing.<br /> <br /> Supply temperature reduction improves performance of renewable heating technologies, either by direct utilization (e.g., solar thermal collectors) or by use of heat pumps. Furthermore, temperature reduction has positive influence on central heat supply units, such as co-generation and heat-only boilers. Finally, it gives possibility for decreased heat losses in distribution networks.<br /> <br /> On the other hand, low temperature DH systems have lower temperature difference between supply and return lines. Thus, it is subject to increased investment and pump operation due to the larger volume flow rate for a fixed heat delivery. Besides this, there are additional aspects which should be considered when developing ULTDH and NTDH networks, such as additional investments needed for substation and decentralised heat booster technologies.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[Conventional district heating (3GDH)]] '''<br /> <br /> <br /> === Low temperature district heat (LTDH) ===<br /> In LTDH systems temperatures can reach up to 75°C. LTDH network supply temperatures are mostly in range between 55 and 70°C. These temperatures are high enough for space heating and theoretically for domestic hot water preparation. To enable DHW preparation with such supply temperatures, instantaneous heat exchangers and district heating storage units on primary side are being implemented at the consumer substation.<br /> <br /> LTDH systems are sometimes considered as the fourth generation of district heating (4DH), the term coined by '''Henrik Lund et al [1].'''. The evolution of DH systems is shown in '''Figure 1'''. It can be noticed that every next generation follows supply temperature reduction and increase of energy efficiency, due to lower distribution heat losses. [[File:Generations of district heat.png|frameless|right]]<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Low temperature district heat (4GDH) ]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> === Ultra low temperature district heat (ULTDH) ===<br /> ULTDH systems operate with network temperatures up to around 50°C. These temperatures are high enough to satisfy consumer space heating needs, but for the domestic hot water preparation a booster device is needed to prevent Legionella growth. Different technologies could be used for temperature boosting such as heat pumps, electrical heaters, solar collectors, boilers, etc..<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Ultra low temperature district heat (5GDH) ]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> === Neutral temperature district heat (NTDH) ===<br /> NTDH systems have such low temperatures (up to 35°C) which are not high enough both for space heating and domestic hot water preparation. So, every consumer substation is equipped with booster heat pumps to raise temperatures to desired levels needed for SH and DHW preparation. Due to the low temperature regime, these systems also offer the possibility of space cooling. Furthermore, these networks can enable bidirectional energy exchange between supplier and customer.<br /> <br /> NTDH networks in smart energy systems enable power-heating sector coupling through heat pumps, solar thermal and photovoltaics integration. Secondly, they can offer bi-directional energy exchange between network and the users. This could be a revolutionary aspect since the thermal price is not the main economic driver anymore. Both network operator and end-user can have benefits of such a configuration. Thirdly, NTDH can potentially have interconnection with the gas sector. For example, biomethane could be used as a back-up boiler or integrated with DHW production in a multi-purpose heat pump. In combination with thermal storage, it can offer great flexibility.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Neutral temperature district heat (5GDH) ]]'''</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=What_is_district_heating_and_the_different_types%3F&diff=94 2024-07-03T12:30:22Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* District heating and the different types */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[Main Page|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is district heating and the different types?]]<br /> <br /> [[What are the different types of heat supply options?]]<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> [[How to plan low temperature district heating systems?]]<br /> <br /> == Introduction ==<br /> <br /> District heating systems can be divided in various ways based upon their characteristics (most commonly network temperatures). There are various types of district heating with different [[What are the different types of heat supply options?|heating sources]].<br /> <br /> Reduction of supply temperatures brings additional benefits to an overall energy system. They should be considered when developing new ULTDH and NTDH systems since these changes enable operational cost reduction and increase economic feasibility of the needed investments.<br /> <br /> District heating can be built in different urban environments, including new areas, current areas etc. <br /> [[File:Range of urban envi2.png|right|frameless]]<br /> For DH networks in transition, some authors recommend the use of 65-70°C as the optimal forward temperature for DH networks, since lower temperatures require high investment, among others DH booster HP units in each dwelling.<br /> <br /> When estimating the potential for the integration of renewable energy sources in district heating and cooling systems, the type of system and development stage is of large significance. Here, we categorize DH systems into:<br /> # Existing conventional DH system<br /> # Existing LTDH system<br /> # Potential LTDH system in existing town<br /> # Potential LTDH system as a green field project<br /> For existing systems, it is very important to consider what type of energy supply is already present, as it is the replacement of the existing supply that determines the feasibility of potential new supply. It is also important to distinguish between a LTDH system or conventional DH system, as this will influence the feasibility of many heat sources. In new potential LTDH systems the supply needs to be able to compete with other individual supply alternatives. In an existing town, it is important to examine if the buildings are compatible with LTDH (temperature range 50-70 °C) or need refurbishments. In green field projects, the planning of new buildings or building refurbishment and LTDH supply should be carried out in a coordinated manner. Finally, it should be mentioned that waste heat recovery and integration of renewable energy sources can also happen in ULTDH (Ultra Low Temperature District Heating) and NTDH (Neutral Temperature District Heating). ULTDH is at a temperature level (as low as 45 °C) high enough to supply space heating in new buildings, but needs heat pump boosting for domestic hot water, while NTDH is at a temperature level (in the range of 15-35 °C) that needs heat pump boosting for, both space, heating and domestic hot water.<br /> <br /> * Download the REWARDHeat database of existing next-generation DHC networks [https://zenodo.org/record/6390223/files/REWARDHeat%20D2.1_Database_NTDH%2CULTDH%2CLTDH.xlsx?download=1 here]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==District heating and the different types==<br /> <br /> === Conventional district heating ===<br /> Conventional district heating systems are characterized by high temperatures of water in the system and use of fossil fuels as [[What are the different types of heat supply options?|heat sources]]. These two characteristics cause: dependency on foreign countries that export fossil fuels, excessive emissions of CO2 and high heat losses in the thermal network. So, to reduce these negative effects, or even to eliminate them, new district systems are being developed. They are usually named as follows: low temperature (LTDH), ultra-low - (ULTDH) and neutral temperature (NTDH) district heating system. Operating temperatures of these systems are much lower than in conventional district heating systems which enables incorporation of low-temperature renewable energy and waste heat sources in the thermal network.<br /> <br /> The main difference between mentioned district heating systems is the supply network temperatures and end-user substation type. Depending on temperature of the network, different consumer substations for space heating (SH), space cooling (SC), and domestic hot water (DHW) preparation are used. It must be noted that there is no universal definition of these systems regarding network temperatures, system configuration or consumer substations because these systems are still developing.<br /> <br /> Supply temperature reduction improves performance of renewable heating technologies, either by direct utilization (e.g., solar thermal collectors) or by use of heat pumps. Furthermore, temperature reduction has positive influence on central heat supply units, such as co-generation and heat-only boilers. Finally, it gives possibility for decreased heat losses in distribution networks.<br /> <br /> On the other hand, low temperature DH systems have lower temperature difference between supply and return lines. Thus, it is subject to increased investment and pump operation due to the larger volume flow rate for a fixed heat delivery. Besides this, there are additional aspects which should be considered when developing ULTDH and NTDH networks, such as additional investments needed for substation and decentralised heat booster technologies.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[Conventional district heating (3GDH)]] '''<br /> <br /> <br /> === Low temperature district heat ===<br /> In LTDH systems temperatures can reach up to 75°C. LTDH network supply temperatures are mostly in range between 55 and 70°C. These temperatures are high enough for space heating and theoretically for domestic hot water preparation. To enable DHW preparation with such supply temperatures, instantaneous heat exchangers and district heating storage units on primary side are being implemented at the consumer substation.<br /> <br /> LTDH systems are sometimes considered as the fourth generation of district heating (4DH), the term coined by '''Henrik Lund et al [1].'''. The evolution of DH systems is shown in '''Figure 1'''. It can be noticed that every next generation follows supply temperature reduction and increase of energy efficiency, due to lower distribution heat losses. [[File:Generations of district heat.png|frameless|right]]<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Low temperature district heat (4GDH) ]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> === Ultra low temperature district heat ===<br /> ULTDH systems operate with network temperatures up to around 50°C. These temperatures are high enough to satisfy consumer space heating needs, but for the domestic hot water preparation a booster device is needed to prevent Legionella growth. Different technologies could be used for temperature boosting such as heat pumps, electrical heaters, solar collectors, boilers, etc..<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Ultra low temperature district heat (5GDH) ]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> === Neutral temperature district heat ===<br /> NTDH systems have such low temperatures (up to 35°C) which are not high enough both for space heating and domestic hot water preparation. So, every consumer substation is equipped with booster heat pumps to raise temperatures to desired levels needed for SH and DHW preparation. Due to the low temperature regime, these systems also offer the possibility of space cooling. Furthermore, these networks can enable bidirectional energy exchange between supplier and customer.<br /> <br /> NTDH networks in smart energy systems enable power-heating sector coupling through heat pumps, solar thermal and photovoltaics integration. Secondly, they can offer bi-directional energy exchange between network and the users. This could be a revolutionary aspect since the thermal price is not the main economic driver anymore. Both network operator and end-user can have benefits of such a configuration. Thirdly, NTDH can potentially have interconnection with the gas sector. For example, biomethane could be used as a back-up boiler or integrated with DHW production in a multi-purpose heat pump. In combination with thermal storage, it can offer great flexibility.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Neutral temperature district heat (5GDH) ]]'''</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=What_is_district_heating_and_the_different_types%3F&diff=93 2024-07-03T12:25:53Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* Introduction */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[Main Page|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is district heating and the different types?]]<br /> <br /> [[What are the different types of heat supply options?]]<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> [[How to plan low temperature district heating systems?]]<br /> <br /> == Introduction ==<br /> <br /> District heating systems can be divided in various ways based upon their characteristics (most commonly network temperatures). There are various types of district heating with different [[What are the different types of heat supply options?|heating sources]].<br /> <br /> Reduction of supply temperatures brings additional benefits to an overall energy system. They should be considered when developing new ULTDH and NTDH systems since these changes enable operational cost reduction and increase economic feasibility of the needed investments.<br /> <br /> District heating can be built in different urban environments, including new areas, current areas etc. <br /> [[File:Range of urban envi2.png|right|frameless]]<br /> For DH networks in transition, some authors recommend the use of 65-70°C as the optimal forward temperature for DH networks, since lower temperatures require high investment, among others DH booster HP units in each dwelling.<br /> <br /> When estimating the potential for the integration of renewable energy sources in district heating and cooling systems, the type of system and development stage is of large significance. Here, we categorize DH systems into:<br /> # Existing conventional DH system<br /> # Existing LTDH system<br /> # Potential LTDH system in existing town<br /> # Potential LTDH system as a green field project<br /> For existing systems, it is very important to consider what type of energy supply is already present, as it is the replacement of the existing supply that determines the feasibility of potential new supply. It is also important to distinguish between a LTDH system or conventional DH system, as this will influence the feasibility of many heat sources. In new potential LTDH systems the supply needs to be able to compete with other individual supply alternatives. In an existing town, it is important to examine if the buildings are compatible with LTDH (temperature range 50-70 °C) or need refurbishments. In green field projects, the planning of new buildings or building refurbishment and LTDH supply should be carried out in a coordinated manner. Finally, it should be mentioned that waste heat recovery and integration of renewable energy sources can also happen in ULTDH (Ultra Low Temperature District Heating) and NTDH (Neutral Temperature District Heating). ULTDH is at a temperature level (as low as 45 °C) high enough to supply space heating in new buildings, but needs heat pump boosting for domestic hot water, while NTDH is at a temperature level (in the range of 15-35 °C) that needs heat pump boosting for, both space, heating and domestic hot water.<br /> <br /> * Download the REWARDHeat database of existing next-generation DHC networks [https://zenodo.org/record/6390223/files/REWARDHeat%20D2.1_Database_NTDH%2CULTDH%2CLTDH.xlsx?download=1 here]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==District heating and the different types==<br /> <br /> === Conventional district heating ===<br /> Conventional district heating systems are characterized by high temperatures of water in the system and use of fossil fuels as [[What are the different types of heat supply options?|heat sources]]. These two characteristics cause: dependency on foreign countries that export fossil fuels, excessive emissions of CO2 and high heat losses in the thermal network. So, to reduce these negative effects, or even to eliminate them, new district systems are being developed. They are usually named as follows: low temperature (LTDH), ultra-low - (ULTDH) and neutral temperature (NTDH) district heating system. Operating temperatures of these systems are much lower than in conventional district heating systems which enables incorporation of low-temperature renewable energy and waste heat sources in the thermal network.<br /> <br /> The main difference between mentioned district heating systems is the supply network temperatures and end-user substation type. Depending on temperature of the network, different consumer substations for space heating (SH), space cooling (SC), and domestic hot water (DHW) preparation are used. It must be noted that there is no universal definition of these systems regarding network temperatures, system configuration or consumer substations because these systems are still developing.<br /> <br /> Supply temperature reduction improves performance of renewable heating technologies, either by direct utilization (e.g., solar thermal collectors) or by use of heat pumps. Furthermore, temperature reduction has positive influence on central heat supply units, such as co-generation and heat-only boilers. Finally, it gives possibility for decreased heat losses in distribution networks.<br /> <br /> On the other hand, low temperature DH systems have lower temperature difference between supply and return lines. Thus, it is subject to increased investment and pump operation due to the larger volume flow rate for a fixed heat delivery. Besides this, there are additional aspects which should be considered when developing ULTDH and NTDH networks, such as additional investments needed for substation and decentralised heat booster technologies.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Conventional district heating (3GDH) ]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> === Low temperature district heat ===<br /> In LTDH systems temperatures can reach up to 75°C. LTDH network supply temperatures are mostly in range between 55 and 70°C. These temperatures are high enough for space heating and theoretically for domestic hot water preparation. To enable DHW preparation with such supply temperatures, instantaneous heat exchangers and district heating storage units on primary side are being implemented at the consumer substation.<br /> <br /> LTDH systems are sometimes considered as the fourth generation of district heating (4DH), the term coined by '''Henrik Lund et al [1].'''. The evolution of DH systems is shown in '''Figure 1'''. It can be noticed that every next generation follows supply temperature reduction and increase of energy efficiency, due to lower distribution heat losses. [[File:Generations of district heat.png|frameless|right]]<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Low temperature district heat (4GDH) ]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> === Ultra low temperature district heat ===<br /> ULTDH systems operate with network temperatures up to around 50°C. These temperatures are high enough to satisfy consumer space heating needs, but for the domestic hot water preparation a booster device is needed to prevent Legionella growth. Different technologies could be used for temperature boosting such as heat pumps, electrical heaters, solar collectors, boilers, etc..<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Ultra low temperature district heat (5GDH) ]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> === Neutral temperature district heat ===<br /> NTDH systems have such low temperatures (up to 35°C) which are not high enough both for space heating and domestic hot water preparation. So, every consumer substation is equipped with booster heat pumps to raise temperatures to desired levels needed for SH and DHW preparation. Due to the low temperature regime, these systems also offer the possibility of space cooling. Furthermore, these networks can enable bidirectional energy exchange between supplier and customer.<br /> <br /> NTDH networks in smart energy systems enable power-heating sector coupling through heat pumps, solar thermal and photovoltaics integration. Secondly, they can offer bi-directional energy exchange between network and the users. This could be a revolutionary aspect since the thermal price is not the main economic driver anymore. Both network operator and end-user can have benefits of such a configuration. Thirdly, NTDH can potentially have interconnection with the gas sector. For example, biomethane could be used as a back-up boiler or integrated with DHW production in a multi-purpose heat pump. In combination with thermal storage, it can offer great flexibility.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Neutral temperature district heat (5GDH) ]]'''</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=What_is_district_heating_and_the_different_types%3F&diff=92 2024-07-03T12:24:50Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* Introduction */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[Main Page|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is district heating and the different types?]]<br /> <br /> [[What are the different types of heat supply options?]]<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> [[How to plan low temperature district heating systems?]]<br /> <br /> == Introduction ==<br /> <br /> District heating systems can be divided in various ways based upon their characteristics (most commonly network temperatures). There are various types of district heating with different [[What are the different types of heat supply options?|heating sources]].<br /> <br /> Reduction of supply temperatures brings additional benefits to an overall energy system. They should be considered when developing new ULTDH and NTDH systems since these changes enable operational cost reduction and increase economic feasibility of the needed investments.<br /> <br /> District heating can be built in different urban environments, including new areas, current areas etc. <br /> [[File:Range of urban envi2.png|right|frameless]]<br /> For DH networks in transition, some authors recommend the use of 65-70°C as the optimal forward temperature for DH networks, since lower temperatures require high investment, among others DH booster HP units in each dwelling.<br /> <br /> When estimating the potential for the integration of renewable energy sources in district heating and cooling systems, the type of system and development stage is of large significance. Here, we categorize DH systems into:<br /> # Existing conventional DH system<br /> # Existing LTDH system<br /> # Potential LTDH system in existing town<br /> # Potential LTDH system as a green field project<br /> For existing systems, it is very important to consider what type of energy supply is already present, as it is the replacement of the existing supply that determines the feasibility of potential new supply. It is also important to distinguish between a LTDH system or conventional DH system, as this will influence the feasibility of many heat sources. In new potential LTDH systems the supply needs to be able to compete with other individual supply alternatives. In an existing town, it is important to examine if the buildings are compatible with LTDH (temperature range 50-70 °C) or need refurbishments. In green field projects, the planning of new buildings or building refurbishment and LTDH supply should be carried out in a coordinated manner. Finally, it should be mentioned that waste heat recovery and integration of renewable energy sources can also happen in ULTDH (Ultra Low Temperature District Heating) and NTDH (Neutral Temperature District Heating). ULTDH is at a temperature level (as low as 45 °C) high enough to supply space heating in new buildings, but needs heat pump boosting for domestic hot water, while NTDH is at a temperature level (in the range of 15-35 °C) that needs heat pump boosting for, both space, heating and domestic hot water.<br /> <br /> * Download the database of existing next-generation DHC networks [https://zenodo.org/record/6390223/files/REWARDHeat%20D2.1_Database_NTDH%2CULTDH%2CLTDH.xlsx?download=1 here]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==District heating and the different types==<br /> <br /> === Conventional district heating ===<br /> Conventional district heating systems are characterized by high temperatures of water in the system and use of fossil fuels as [[What are the different types of heat supply options?|heat sources]]. These two characteristics cause: dependency on foreign countries that export fossil fuels, excessive emissions of CO2 and high heat losses in the thermal network. So, to reduce these negative effects, or even to eliminate them, new district systems are being developed. They are usually named as follows: low temperature (LTDH), ultra-low - (ULTDH) and neutral temperature (NTDH) district heating system. Operating temperatures of these systems are much lower than in conventional district heating systems which enables incorporation of low-temperature renewable energy and waste heat sources in the thermal network.<br /> <br /> The main difference between mentioned district heating systems is the supply network temperatures and end-user substation type. Depending on temperature of the network, different consumer substations for space heating (SH), space cooling (SC), and domestic hot water (DHW) preparation are used. It must be noted that there is no universal definition of these systems regarding network temperatures, system configuration or consumer substations because these systems are still developing.<br /> <br /> Supply temperature reduction improves performance of renewable heating technologies, either by direct utilization (e.g., solar thermal collectors) or by use of heat pumps. Furthermore, temperature reduction has positive influence on central heat supply units, such as co-generation and heat-only boilers. Finally, it gives possibility for decreased heat losses in distribution networks.<br /> <br /> On the other hand, low temperature DH systems have lower temperature difference between supply and return lines. Thus, it is subject to increased investment and pump operation due to the larger volume flow rate for a fixed heat delivery. Besides this, there are additional aspects which should be considered when developing ULTDH and NTDH networks, such as additional investments needed for substation and decentralised heat booster technologies.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Conventional district heating (3GDH) ]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> === Low temperature district heat ===<br /> In LTDH systems temperatures can reach up to 75°C. LTDH network supply temperatures are mostly in range between 55 and 70°C. These temperatures are high enough for space heating and theoretically for domestic hot water preparation. To enable DHW preparation with such supply temperatures, instantaneous heat exchangers and district heating storage units on primary side are being implemented at the consumer substation.<br /> <br /> LTDH systems are sometimes considered as the fourth generation of district heating (4DH), the term coined by '''Henrik Lund et al [1].'''. The evolution of DH systems is shown in '''Figure 1'''. It can be noticed that every next generation follows supply temperature reduction and increase of energy efficiency, due to lower distribution heat losses. [[File:Generations of district heat.png|frameless|right]]<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Low temperature district heat (4GDH) ]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> === Ultra low temperature district heat ===<br /> ULTDH systems operate with network temperatures up to around 50°C. These temperatures are high enough to satisfy consumer space heating needs, but for the domestic hot water preparation a booster device is needed to prevent Legionella growth. Different technologies could be used for temperature boosting such as heat pumps, electrical heaters, solar collectors, boilers, etc..<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Ultra low temperature district heat (5GDH) ]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> === Neutral temperature district heat ===<br /> NTDH systems have such low temperatures (up to 35°C) which are not high enough both for space heating and domestic hot water preparation. So, every consumer substation is equipped with booster heat pumps to raise temperatures to desired levels needed for SH and DHW preparation. Due to the low temperature regime, these systems also offer the possibility of space cooling. Furthermore, these networks can enable bidirectional energy exchange between supplier and customer.<br /> <br /> NTDH networks in smart energy systems enable power-heating sector coupling through heat pumps, solar thermal and photovoltaics integration. Secondly, they can offer bi-directional energy exchange between network and the users. This could be a revolutionary aspect since the thermal price is not the main economic driver anymore. Both network operator and end-user can have benefits of such a configuration. Thirdly, NTDH can potentially have interconnection with the gas sector. For example, biomethane could be used as a back-up boiler or integrated with DHW production in a multi-purpose heat pump. In combination with thermal storage, it can offer great flexibility.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Neutral temperature district heat (5GDH) ]]'''</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=What_is_district_heating_and_the_different_types%3F&diff=91 2024-07-03T12:24:29Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* Conventional district heating */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[Main Page|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is district heating and the different types?]]<br /> <br /> [[What are the different types of heat supply options?]]<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> [[How to plan low temperature district heating systems?]]<br /> <br /> == Introduction ==<br /> <br /> NOTE FROM GENERAL ASSEMBLY '''''&quot;Instead of using the term &quot;generations&quot; consider a definition accoording to the technology: HTDH Temperature level can be used with HEX for DHW and SH. LTDH: Temperature level can be used with HEX for SH has to be boosted fro DHW. ATDH: Temperature level has to be boosted with HP for SH and DHW&quot;'''''<br /> <br /> District heating systems can be divided in various ways based upon their characteristics (most commonly network temperatures). There are various types of district heating with different [[What are the different types of heat supply options?|heating sources]]. <br /> <br /> Reduction of supply temperatures brings additional benefits to an overall energy system. They should be considered when developing new ULTDH and NTDH systems since these changes enable operational cost reduction and increase economic feasibility of the needed investments.<br /> <br /> District heating can be built in different urban environments, including new areas, current areas etc. <br /> [[File:Range of urban envi2.png|right|frameless]]<br /> For DH networks in transition, some authors recommend the use of 65-70°C as the optimal forward temperature for DH networks, since lower temperatures require high investment, among others DH booster HP units in each dwelling.<br /> <br /> When estimating the potential for the integration of renewable energy sources in district heating and cooling systems, the type of system and development stage is of large significance. Here, we categorize DH systems into:<br /> # Existing conventional DH system<br /> # Existing LTDH system<br /> # Potential LTDH system in existing town<br /> # Potential LTDH system as a green field project<br /> For existing systems, it is very important to consider what type of energy supply is already present, as it is the replacement of the existing supply that determines the feasibility of potential new supply. It is also important to distinguish between a LTDH system or conventional DH system, as this will influence the feasibility of many heat sources. In new potential LTDH systems the supply needs to be able to compete with other individual supply alternatives. In an existing town, it is important to examine if the buildings are compatible with LTDH (temperature range 50-70 °C) or need refurbishments. In green field projects, the planning of new buildings or building refurbishment and LTDH supply should be carried out in a coordinated manner. Finally, it should be mentioned that waste heat recovery and integration of renewable energy sources can also happen in ULTDH (Ultra Low Temperature District Heating) and NTDH (Neutral Temperature District Heating). ULTDH is at a temperature level (as low as 45 °C) high enough to supply space heating in new buildings, but needs heat pump boosting for domestic hot water, while NTDH is at a temperature level (in the range of 15-35 °C) that needs heat pump boosting for, both space, heating and domestic hot water.<br /> <br /> * Download the database of existing next-generation DHC networks [https://zenodo.org/record/6390223/files/REWARDHeat%20D2.1_Database_NTDH%2CULTDH%2CLTDH.xlsx?download=1 here]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==District heating and the different types==<br /> <br /> === Conventional district heating ===<br /> Conventional district heating systems are characterized by high temperatures of water in the system and use of fossil fuels as [[What are the different types of heat supply options?|heat sources]]. These two characteristics cause: dependency on foreign countries that export fossil fuels, excessive emissions of CO2 and high heat losses in the thermal network. So, to reduce these negative effects, or even to eliminate them, new district systems are being developed. They are usually named as follows: low temperature (LTDH), ultra-low - (ULTDH) and neutral temperature (NTDH) district heating system. Operating temperatures of these systems are much lower than in conventional district heating systems which enables incorporation of low-temperature renewable energy and waste heat sources in the thermal network.<br /> <br /> The main difference between mentioned district heating systems is the supply network temperatures and end-user substation type. Depending on temperature of the network, different consumer substations for space heating (SH), space cooling (SC), and domestic hot water (DHW) preparation are used. It must be noted that there is no universal definition of these systems regarding network temperatures, system configuration or consumer substations because these systems are still developing.<br /> <br /> Supply temperature reduction improves performance of renewable heating technologies, either by direct utilization (e.g., solar thermal collectors) or by use of heat pumps. Furthermore, temperature reduction has positive influence on central heat supply units, such as co-generation and heat-only boilers. Finally, it gives possibility for decreased heat losses in distribution networks.<br /> <br /> On the other hand, low temperature DH systems have lower temperature difference between supply and return lines. Thus, it is subject to increased investment and pump operation due to the larger volume flow rate for a fixed heat delivery. Besides this, there are additional aspects which should be considered when developing ULTDH and NTDH networks, such as additional investments needed for substation and decentralised heat booster technologies.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Conventional district heating (3GDH) ]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> === Low temperature district heat ===<br /> In LTDH systems temperatures can reach up to 75°C. LTDH network supply temperatures are mostly in range between 55 and 70°C. These temperatures are high enough for space heating and theoretically for domestic hot water preparation. To enable DHW preparation with such supply temperatures, instantaneous heat exchangers and district heating storage units on primary side are being implemented at the consumer substation.<br /> <br /> LTDH systems are sometimes considered as the fourth generation of district heating (4DH), the term coined by '''Henrik Lund et al [1].'''. The evolution of DH systems is shown in '''Figure 1'''. It can be noticed that every next generation follows supply temperature reduction and increase of energy efficiency, due to lower distribution heat losses. [[File:Generations of district heat.png|frameless|right]]<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Low temperature district heat (4GDH) ]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> === Ultra low temperature district heat ===<br /> ULTDH systems operate with network temperatures up to around 50°C. These temperatures are high enough to satisfy consumer space heating needs, but for the domestic hot water preparation a booster device is needed to prevent Legionella growth. Different technologies could be used for temperature boosting such as heat pumps, electrical heaters, solar collectors, boilers, etc..<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Ultra low temperature district heat (5GDH) ]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> === Neutral temperature district heat ===<br /> NTDH systems have such low temperatures (up to 35°C) which are not high enough both for space heating and domestic hot water preparation. So, every consumer substation is equipped with booster heat pumps to raise temperatures to desired levels needed for SH and DHW preparation. Due to the low temperature regime, these systems also offer the possibility of space cooling. Furthermore, these networks can enable bidirectional energy exchange between supplier and customer.<br /> <br /> NTDH networks in smart energy systems enable power-heating sector coupling through heat pumps, solar thermal and photovoltaics integration. Secondly, they can offer bi-directional energy exchange between network and the users. This could be a revolutionary aspect since the thermal price is not the main economic driver anymore. Both network operator and end-user can have benefits of such a configuration. Thirdly, NTDH can potentially have interconnection with the gas sector. For example, biomethane could be used as a back-up boiler or integrated with DHW production in a multi-purpose heat pump. In combination with thermal storage, it can offer great flexibility.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Neutral temperature district heat (5GDH) ]]'''</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=What_is_district_heating_and_the_different_types%3F&diff=90 2024-07-03T12:19:53Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* Low temperature district heat */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[Main Page|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is district heating and the different types?]]<br /> <br /> [[What are the different types of heat supply options?]]<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> [[How to plan low temperature district heating systems?]]<br /> <br /> == Introduction ==<br /> <br /> NOTE FROM GENERAL ASSEMBLY '''''&quot;Instead of using the term &quot;generations&quot; consider a definition accoording to the technology: HTDH Temperature level can be used with HEX for DHW and SH. LTDH: Temperature level can be used with HEX for SH has to be boosted fro DHW. ATDH: Temperature level has to be boosted with HP for SH and DHW&quot;'''''<br /> <br /> District heating systems can be divided in various ways based upon their characteristics (most commonly network temperatures). There are various types of district heating with different [[What are the different types of heat supply options?|heating sources]]. <br /> <br /> Reduction of supply temperatures brings additional benefits to an overall energy system. They should be considered when developing new ULTDH and NTDH systems since these changes enable operational cost reduction and increase economic feasibility of the needed investments.<br /> <br /> District heating can be built in different urban environments, including new areas, current areas etc. <br /> [[File:Range of urban envi2.png|right|frameless]]<br /> For DH networks in transition, some authors recommend the use of 65-70°C as the optimal forward temperature for DH networks, since lower temperatures require high investment, among others DH booster HP units in each dwelling.<br /> <br /> When estimating the potential for the integration of renewable energy sources in district heating and cooling systems, the type of system and development stage is of large significance. Here, we categorize DH systems into:<br /> # Existing conventional DH system<br /> # Existing LTDH system<br /> # Potential LTDH system in existing town<br /> # Potential LTDH system as a green field project<br /> For existing systems, it is very important to consider what type of energy supply is already present, as it is the replacement of the existing supply that determines the feasibility of potential new supply. It is also important to distinguish between a LTDH system or conventional DH system, as this will influence the feasibility of many heat sources. In new potential LTDH systems the supply needs to be able to compete with other individual supply alternatives. In an existing town, it is important to examine if the buildings are compatible with LTDH (temperature range 50-70 °C) or need refurbishments. In green field projects, the planning of new buildings or building refurbishment and LTDH supply should be carried out in a coordinated manner. Finally, it should be mentioned that waste heat recovery and integration of renewable energy sources can also happen in ULTDH (Ultra Low Temperature District Heating) and NTDH (Neutral Temperature District Heating). ULTDH is at a temperature level (as low as 45 °C) high enough to supply space heating in new buildings, but needs heat pump boosting for domestic hot water, while NTDH is at a temperature level (in the range of 15-35 °C) that needs heat pump boosting for, both space, heating and domestic hot water.<br /> <br /> * Download the database of existing next-generation DHC networks [https://zenodo.org/record/6390223/files/REWARDHeat%20D2.1_Database_NTDH%2CULTDH%2CLTDH.xlsx?download=1 here]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==District heating and the different types==<br /> <br /> === Conventional district heating ===<br /> Conventional district heating systems are characterized by high temperatures of water in the system and use of fossil fuels as [[What are the different types of heat supply options?|heat sources]]. These two characteristics cause: dependency on foreign countries that export fossil fuels, excessive emissions of CO2 and high heat losses in the thermal network. So, to reduce these negative effects, or even to eliminate them, new district systems are being developed. They are usually named as follows: low temperature (LTDH), ultra-low - (ULTDH) and neutral temperature (NTDH) district heating system. Operating temperatures of these systems are much lower than in conventional district heating systems which enables incorporation of low-temperature renewable energy and waste heat sources in the thermal network.<br /> <br /> The main difference between mentioned district heating systems is the supply network temperatures and end-user substation type. Depending on temperature of the network, different consumer substation for space heating (SH), space cooling (SC), and domestic hot water (DHW) preparation are used. It must be noted that there is no universal definition of these systems regarding network temperatures, system configuration or consumer substations because these systems are still developing.<br /> <br /> Supply temperature reduction improves performance of renewable heating technologies, either by direct utilization (e.g., solar thermal collectors) or by use of heat pumps. Furthermore, temperature reduction has positive influence on central heat supply units, such as cogeneration and heat-only boilers. Finally, it gives possibility for decreased heat losses in distribution networks.<br /> <br /> On the other hand, low temperature DH systems have lower temperature difference between supply and return lines. Thus, it is subject to increased investment and pump operation due to the larger volume flow rate for a fixed heat delivery. Besides this, there are additional aspects which should be considered when developing ULTDH and NTDH networks, such as additional investments needed for substation and decentralised heat booster technologies.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Conventional district heating (3GDH) ]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> === Low temperature district heat ===<br /> In LTDH systems temperatures can reach up to 75°C. LTDH network supply temperatures are mostly in range between 55 and 70°C. These temperatures are high enough for space heating and theoretically for domestic hot water preparation. To enable DHW preparation with such supply temperatures, instantaneous heat exchangers and district heating storage units on primary side are being implemented at the consumer substation.<br /> <br /> LTDH systems are sometimes considered as the fourth generation of district heating (4DH), the term coined by '''Henrik Lund et al [1].'''. The evolution of DH systems is shown in '''Figure 1'''. It can be noticed that every next generation follows supply temperature reduction and increase of energy efficiency, due to lower distribution heat losses. [[File:Generations of district heat.png|frameless|right]]<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Low temperature district heat (4GDH) ]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> === Ultra low temperature district heat ===<br /> In ULTDH up to 50°C. ULTDH systems achieve network temperatures up to around 50°C. These temperatures are high enough to satisfy consumer space heating needs, but for the domestic hot water preparation booster device is needed to prevent Legionella growth. Different technologies could be used for temperature boosting such as heat pumps, electrical heaters, solar collectors, boilers, etc.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Ultra low temperature district heat (5GDH) ]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> === Neutral temperature district heat ===<br /> In NTDH up to 35°C. NTDH systems have such low temperatures (up to 35°C) which are not high enough both for space heating and domestic hot water preparation. So, every consumer substation is equipped with booster heat pumps to rise temperatures to desired levels needed for SH and DHW preparation. Due to the low temperature regime, these systems also offer the possibility of SC. Furthermore, these networks can enable bidirectional energy exchange between supplier and customer.<br /> <br /> NTDH networks in smart energy systems enable power-heating sector coupling through heat pumps, solar thermal and photovoltaics integration. Secondly, they can offer bi-directional energy exchange between network and the users. This could be revolutionary aspect since the thermal price is not the main economic driver anymore. Both network operator and end-user can have benefits of such configuration. Thirdly, NTDH can potentially have interconnection with the gas sector. For example, biomethane could be used as a back-up boiler or integrated with DHW production in multi-purpose heat pump. In combination with thermal storage, it can offer great flexibility.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Neutral temperature district heat (5GDH) ]]'''</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=What_is_district_heating_and_the_different_types%3F&diff=89 2024-07-03T12:18:44Z

<p>KarlSperling: /* Conventional district heating (3GDH) */</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[Main Page|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is district heating and the different types?]]<br /> <br /> [[What are the different types of heat supply options?]]<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> [[How to plan low temperature district heating systems?]]<br /> <br /> == Introduction ==<br /> <br /> NOTE FROM GENERAL ASSEMBLY '''''&quot;Instead of using the term &quot;generations&quot; consider a definition accoording to the technology: HTDH Temperature level can be used with HEX for DHW and SH. LTDH: Temperature level can be used with HEX for SH has to be boosted fro DHW. ATDH: Temperature level has to be boosted with HP for SH and DHW&quot;'''''<br /> <br /> District heating systems can be divided in various ways based upon their characteristics (most commonly network temperatures). There are various types of district heating with different [[What are the different types of heat supply options?|heating sources]]. <br /> <br /> Reduction of supply temperatures brings additional benefits to an overall energy system. They should be considered when developing new ULTDH and NTDH systems since these changes enable operational cost reduction and increase economic feasibility of the needed investments.<br /> <br /> District heating can be built in different urban environments, including new areas, current areas etc. <br /> [[File:Range of urban envi2.png|right|frameless]]<br /> For DH networks in transition, some authors recommend the use of 65-70°C as the optimal forward temperature for DH networks, since lower temperatures require high investment, among others DH booster HP units in each dwelling.<br /> <br /> When estimating the potential for the integration of renewable energy sources in district heating and cooling systems, the type of system and development stage is of large significance. Here, we categorize DH systems into:<br /> # Existing conventional DH system<br /> # Existing LTDH system<br /> # Potential LTDH system in existing town<br /> # Potential LTDH system as a green field project<br /> For existing systems, it is very important to consider what type of energy supply is already present, as it is the replacement of the existing supply that determines the feasibility of potential new supply. It is also important to distinguish between a LTDH system or conventional DH system, as this will influence the feasibility of many heat sources. In new potential LTDH systems the supply needs to be able to compete with other individual supply alternatives. In an existing town, it is important to examine if the buildings are compatible with LTDH (temperature range 50-70 °C) or need refurbishments. In green field projects, the planning of new buildings or building refurbishment and LTDH supply should be carried out in a coordinated manner. Finally, it should be mentioned that waste heat recovery and integration of renewable energy sources can also happen in ULTDH (Ultra Low Temperature District Heating) and NTDH (Neutral Temperature District Heating). ULTDH is at a temperature level (as low as 45 °C) high enough to supply space heating in new buildings, but needs heat pump boosting for domestic hot water, while NTDH is at a temperature level (in the range of 15-35 °C) that needs heat pump boosting for, both space, heating and domestic hot water.<br /> <br /> * Download the database of existing next-generation DHC networks [https://zenodo.org/record/6390223/files/REWARDHeat%20D2.1_Database_NTDH%2CULTDH%2CLTDH.xlsx?download=1 here]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==District heating and the different types==<br /> <br /> === Conventional district heating ===<br /> Conventional district heating systems are characterized by high temperatures of water in the system and use of fossil fuels as [[What are the different types of heat supply options?|heat sources]]. These two characteristics cause: dependency on foreign countries that export fossil fuels, excessive emissions of CO2 and high heat losses in the thermal network. So, to reduce these negative effects, or even to eliminate them, new district systems are being developed. They are usually named as follows: low temperature (LTDH), ultra-low - (ULTDH) and neutral temperature (NTDH) district heating system. Operating temperatures of these systems are much lower than in conventional district heating systems which enables incorporation of low-temperature renewable energy and waste heat sources in the thermal network.<br /> <br /> The main difference between mentioned district heating systems is the supply network temperatures and end-user substation type. Depending on temperature of the network, different consumer substation for space heating (SH), space cooling (SC), and domestic hot water (DHW) preparation are used. It must be noted that there is no universal definition of these systems regarding network temperatures, system configuration or consumer substations because these systems are still developing.<br /> <br /> Supply temperature reduction improves performance of renewable heating technologies, either by direct utilization (e.g., solar thermal collectors) or by use of heat pumps. Furthermore, temperature reduction has positive influence on central heat supply units, such as cogeneration and heat-only boilers. Finally, it gives possibility for decreased heat losses in distribution networks.<br /> <br /> On the other hand, low temperature DH systems have lower temperature difference between supply and return lines. Thus, it is subject to increased investment and pump operation due to the larger volume flow rate for a fixed heat delivery. Besides this, there are additional aspects which should be considered when developing ULTDH and NTDH networks, such as additional investments needed for substation and decentralised heat booster technologies.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Conventional district heating (3GDH) ]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> === Low temperature district heat ===<br /> In LTDH systems temperatures can reach up to 75°C. LTDH network supply temperatures are mostly in range between 55 and 70°C. These temperatures are high enough for space heating and theoretically for domestic hot water preparation. To enable DHW preparation with such supply temperatures, instantaneous heat exchangers and district heating storage units on primary side are being implemented at the consumer substation.<br /> <br /> LTDH systems are usually considered as the fourth generation of district heating (4DH), the term coined by '''Henrik Lund et al [1].'''. The evolution of DH systems is shown in '''Figure 1'''. It can be noticed that every next generation follows supply temperature reduction and increase of energy efficiency, due to lower distribution heat losses. [[File:Generations of district heat.png|frameless|right]]<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Low temperature district heat (4GDH) ]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> === Ultra low temperature district heat ===<br /> In ULTDH up to 50°C. ULTDH systems achieve network temperatures up to around 50°C. These temperatures are high enough to satisfy consumer space heating needs, but for the domestic hot water preparation booster device is needed to prevent Legionella growth. Different technologies could be used for temperature boosting such as heat pumps, electrical heaters, solar collectors, boilers, etc.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Ultra low temperature district heat (5GDH) ]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> === Neutral temperature district heat ===<br /> In NTDH up to 35°C. NTDH systems have such low temperatures (up to 35°C) which are not high enough both for space heating and domestic hot water preparation. So, every consumer substation is equipped with booster heat pumps to rise temperatures to desired levels needed for SH and DHW preparation. Due to the low temperature regime, these systems also offer the possibility of SC. Furthermore, these networks can enable bidirectional energy exchange between supplier and customer.<br /> <br /> NTDH networks in smart energy systems enable power-heating sector coupling through heat pumps, solar thermal and photovoltaics integration. Secondly, they can offer bi-directional energy exchange between network and the users. This could be revolutionary aspect since the thermal price is not the main economic driver anymore. Both network operator and end-user can have benefits of such configuration. Thirdly, NTDH can potentially have interconnection with the gas sector. For example, biomethane could be used as a back-up boiler or integrated with DHW production in multi-purpose heat pump. In combination with thermal storage, it can offer great flexibility.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Neutral temperature district heat (5GDH) ]]'''</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=88 2024-05-08T11:34:06Z

<p>KarlSperling: </p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:REWARDHeat education platform}}<br /> <br /> == Introduction and how to use this platform == <br /> The Education Platform is presented as a series of key questions for developing district heating. The answers are provided on two levels: Introductory and Advanced Knowledge.<br /> <br /> === What is Introductory Knowledge ===<br /> Introductory knowledge is required knowledge for learning about district heating in general and playing the serious game. <br /> <br /> === What is Advanced Knowledge ===<br /> Advanced knowledge provides detailed knowledge on developing district heating systems. It includes knowledge resources and tools from projects for different district heat planning elements.<br /> <br /> == Platform chapters ==<br /> ===[[What is district heating and the different types?]]===<br /> <br /> ===[[What are the different types of heat supply options?]]===<br /> <br /> ===[[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]===<br /> <br /> ===[[How to plan low temperature district heating systems?]]===<br /> <br /> == [[Serious game]] ==<br /> <br /> http://rewardheat-game.hawk.de/<br /> <br /> === Learning outcomes / expectations === <br /> <br /> Participants are expected to take away from playing the game (as e.g. producers, consumers, government) the following:<br /> * Increased awareness and engagement in the DHC transformation <br /> * Challenges and barriers to the DHC transformation <br /> * Interdependencies between different stakeholders <br /> * Key technical, economic, ecological and socio-political aspects related to the heating sector <br /> * LCOH calculation methodology <br /> * Different types of DHC systems (HTDH, LTDH, ATDH) and their main features <br /> * Different types of heat supply options (both individual and district heating options)<br /> <br /> == Funding information == <br /> The REWARDHeat Educational Platform has been developed with funding from the REWARDHeat project: REWARDHeat - Renewable and Waste Heat Recovery for Competitive District Heating and Cooling Networks funded by the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement 857811.<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:REWARDHeat education platform}}</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=87 2024-05-08T11:33:28Z

<p>KarlSperling: </p> <hr /> <div>== Introduction and how to use this platform == <br /> The Education Platform is presented as a series of key questions for developing district heating. The answers are provided on two levels: Introductory and Advanced Knowledge.<br /> <br /> === What is Introductory Knowledge ===<br /> Introductory knowledge is required knowledge for learning about district heating in general and playing the serious game. <br /> <br /> === What is Advanced Knowledge ===<br /> Advanced knowledge provides detailed knowledge on developing district heating systems. It includes knowledge resources and tools from projects for different district heat planning elements.<br /> <br /> == Platform chapters ==<br /> ===[[What is district heating and the different types?]]===<br /> <br /> ===[[What are the different types of heat supply options?]]===<br /> <br /> ===[[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]===<br /> <br /> ===[[How to plan low temperature district heating systems?]]===<br /> <br /> == [[Serious game]] ==<br /> <br /> http://rewardheat-game.hawk.de/<br /> <br /> === Learning outcomes / expectations === <br /> <br /> Participants are expected to take away from playing the game (as e.g. producers, consumers, government) the following:<br /> * Increased awareness and engagement in the DHC transformation <br /> * Challenges and barriers to the DHC transformation <br /> * Interdependencies between different stakeholders <br /> * Key technical, economic, ecological and socio-political aspects related to the heating sector <br /> * LCOH calculation methodology <br /> * Different types of DHC systems (HTDH, LTDH, ATDH) and their main features <br /> * Different types of heat supply options (both individual and district heating options)<br /> <br /> == Funding information == <br /> The REWARDHeat Educational Platform has been developed with funding from the REWARDHeat project: REWARDHeat - Renewable and Waste Heat Recovery for Competitive District Heating and Cooling Networks funded by the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement 857811.<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:REWARDHeat education platform}}</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=How_to_plan_low_temperature_district_heating_systems%3F&diff=86 2024-05-08T11:29:25Z

<p>KarlSperling: </p> <hr /> <div>'''[[Main Page|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is district heating and the different types?]]<br /> <br /> [[What are the different types of heat supply options?]]<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> [[How to plan low temperature district heating systems?]]<br /> <br /> == Introduction ==<br /> This section presents an introduction to the planning process in general. Then each element is briefly described. &lt;ref&gt;[https://ctprodstorageaccountp.blob.core.windows.net/prod-drupal-files/documents/resource/public/Stakeholder%20engagement%20in%20heat%20networks%20PDF.pdf Carbon Trust: Stakeholder engagement in heat networks. A guide for project managers]&lt;/ref&gt;. <br /> == Planning low temperature district heating systems ==<br /> <br /> ===Policy===<br /> <br /> Each element is briefly introduced in the text<br /> <br /> '''''NOTE FROM GENERAL ASSEMBLY - Policy could a dd a section with reference to the most important policy documents at EU level, e.g. RED, EED, EPDB'''''<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[Policy]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Stakeholder engagement methodology===<br /> <br /> Stakeholder engagement has five main stages. &lt;ref&gt;[https://ctprodstorageaccountp.blob.core.windows.net/prod-drupal-files/documents/resource/public/Stakeholder%20engagement%20in%20heat%20networks%20PDF.pdf Carbon Trust: Stakeholder engagement in heat networks. A guide for project managers]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Stakeholder engagmenet approach.png|frameless|right]]<br /> <br /> Identification<br /> <br /> Mapping<br /> <br /> Prioritisation<br /> <br /> Planning<br /> <br /> Engagement<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[Stakeholder engagement methodology]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Governance and Vision=== <br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[Governance and Vision]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Stakeholder roles and journeys=== <br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[Stakeholder roles and journeys]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Data collection (about heat from stakeholders)===<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[Data collection (about heat from stakeholders)]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Heat mapping and energy master planning===<br /> <br /> Mapping heating<br /> <br /> Mapping heating demands<br /> <br /> Mapping district heating potential<br /> <br /> Mapping district heat sources<br /> <br /> Low temperature district heat sources<br /> <br /> Calculating refurbishment requirements<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[Heat mapping and energy master planning]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> ====Techno-economic feasibility====<br /> <br /> ===== Levelised Cost of Heat (LCOH) =====<br /> Levelized cost of energy (LCOE) is a parameter that is used to assess the cost of total annual heat demand. It is calculated as a ratio of total discounted cost (CAPEX and OPEX) and total annual thermal demand. The value of LCOE is important when it comes to comparing energy systems that use different energy sources and technologies.<br /> <br /> [[File:LCOH.png|frameless|right]]<br /> <br /> ===== CAPEX =====<br /> Capital expenditures (CAPEX) can be calculated by multiplying the capital recovery factor (CRF) with an investment cost of a certain element of a network (e.g., central heat pump, central heat exchanger, network cost, etc.). The capital recovery factor is used to calculate the present value of a series of equal annual cash payments which for the needs of this paper equals CAPEX. The value 𝑛 represents the lifetime (in years) of a certain part of a system, while the value 𝑖 represents the discount rate.<br /> <br /> ===== OPEX =====<br /> Operating expenditures of a system (e.g., district heating network) can be calculated as a sum of operational and management costs (O&amp;M) and electricity and/or gas consumption costs. These costs are ongoing throughout the year and can be calculated daily, weekly basis, or simply annual basis. O&amp;M costs include inventory costs, repairs, overhauls, electricity (𝐸𝑖), and/or gas (𝐺𝑖) costs of all parts of the network, pay checks for employees, etc.<br /> <br /> ===== Plot ratio =====<br /> Plot ratio is the ratio of the total (floor) area of buildings in a district/site to the total district/site area. If Plot ratio is 0.2 it represents areas of low population with a small buildings’ density. If plot ratios is equal to 2 it represents areas with high population with many buildings.<br /> <br /> ===== Space heating share =====<br /> Space heating share is ratio of space heating demand and total thermal demand. For example, a space heating share of 0.8 means that 80% of the total specific annual heat demand is required for heating. The lower the space heating share is, the buildings are more energy efficient. 𝑆𝐻 share of 0.1 represents almost energy-neutral buildings.<br /> <br /> ===== Primary energy factor =====<br /> Primary energy factor (PEF or 𝑓𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚) indicates how much primary energy is used to generate a unit of electricity or a unit of useable thermal energy. The value of 𝑓𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚,𝑠𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜 can be calculated for each scenario that differs from others in energy consumption. First, total electricity or gas consumption was converted to primary energy. The result was then divided with total annual heat demand to calculate the 𝑓𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚,𝑠𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜 of each scenario. Scenarios with higher electricity consumption have higher primary energy factors. Results have shown that every low and ultra-low temperature district heating case has a lower primary energy factor than primary energy factor for individual gas boiler heating which factor has a value of 1,205.<br /> <br /> ===== Carbon emission factor =====<br /> Carbon emission factor (CEF or 𝑓𝐶𝑂2) indicates how much 𝐶𝑂2 gasses were emitted into the atmosphere to generate a unit of electricity or a unit of useable thermal energy. The value of 𝑓𝐶𝑂2,𝑠𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜 can be calculated for each scenario that differs from others in energy consumption. First, total electricity or gas consumption was converted to the equivalent amount of carbon dioxide emissions. The result was then divided with total annual heat demand to calculate the CEF of each scenario.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==== Predesign tool ====<br /> Open-source, GIS-based tool for the predesign of district heating and cooling networks (DHCNs) with multiple energy sources, focusing on supporting the increased integration of low-temperature renewable (RE) and waste heat (WH) sources at urban level into thermal grids conceived under the neutral-temperature design and operation<br /> <br /> * Preliminary techno-economic evaluation of neutral-temperature bidirectional networks based on yearly calculations with hourly resolution accounting for the impact of network temperature levels. Specific network topologies, centralised and distributed energy assets, design guidelines and operational constraints for these networks are considered.<br /> * Mapping of energy resource potential from low-temperature RE/WH sources in cities<br /> * Combination of GIS-based information for energy demand and resource estimation together with the above-mentioned dedicated modelling approach<br /> <br /> [[File:Predesign tool concept.png|frameless|right]]<br /> <br /> ==== LCOH calculation tool ====<br /> * Download the NTDH LCOH tool [https://zenodo.org/record/6390223/files/REWARDHeat%20D2.1_Calculation_NTDH.xlsx?download=1 here]<br /> * Download the ULDH and LTDH tool [https://zenodo.org/record/6390223/files/REWARDHeat%20D2.1_Calculation_ULTDH%2CLTDH.xlsx?download=1 here]<br /> <br /> ==== Predesign tool ====<br /> The general software architecture distributed into 3 main layers: (i) Data layer; (ii) Business Logic Layer; and (iii) Application Layer. The first two layers comprise the tool backend, while the Application Layer represents the tool frontend or Graphical User Interface (GUI).<br /> * The Data Layer contains the data repositories where the general project information, GIS data of the target urban areas (buildings, sources, roads, etc.), technology data and other contextual information (e.g. weather data, economic and environmental reference indicators, etc.) will be stored.<br /> * The Business Logic Layer connects the data layer to the application layer and controls the overall functionality of the tool by performing the main calculations and data processing. Different scripts will implement the core services/modules dedicated to energy demand calculation, network route design and network energy modelling and simulation.<br /> * The Application Layer acts as the point of interaction between the REWARDHeat predesign tool and the user. It will be used for data insertion and results visualization, including the supporting warnings and guidance to the user across the tool workflow.<br /> <br /> ==== Other tools ====<br /> PLANHEAT [1], THERMOS [2], Hotmaps [3], City Energy Analyst [4], SimStadt [5], INDIGO [6]<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[Techno-economic feasibility]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Detailed project development===<br /> <br /> ULTDH<br /> When it comes to network layout, the two different layouts have been developed: ring layout and tree (mesh) layout. In traditional, tree structure network, consumers close to power plant have higher differential pressures which can cause that there is more water flow at their substation, while substations that are located far away from plant have lower pressures which can lead to insufficient heating. To battle this problem valves are being installed to increase flow resistance until desirable flow at each consumer substation is achieved [41].<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[Detailed project development]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Commercialisation===<br /> <br /> Price setting<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[Commercialisation]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Construction===<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[Construction]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Operation===<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[Operation]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Project development life cycle.png|frameless|right]]</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=What_is_the_role_of_district_heating_in_the_future_energy_system%3F&diff=85 2024-05-08T11:26:35Z

<p>KarlSperling: </p> <hr /> <div>'''[[Main Page|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is district heating and the different types?]]<br /> <br /> [[What are the different types of heat supply options?]]<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> [[How to plan low temperature district heating systems?]]<br /> <br /> == Introduction ==<br /> In the future energy systems, with a high share of intermittent renewable energy sources, district heating will have a crucial role by using demand response through implementation of power-to-heat technologies.<br /> <br /> '''According to [1]''', district heating will have to satisfy several criteria in to face future challenges of energy systems:<br /> # Ability to supply low-temperature DH for space heating and domestic hot water<br /> # Ability to distribute heat in thermal networks with low thermal losses<br /> # Ability to recycle heat from low-temperature and integrate renewable energy sources<br /> # Ability to be integrated part of smart energy system<br /> # Ability to ensure suitable planning, cost, and motivation structures in relation to the operation and investment<br /> <br /> <br /> ==The role of district heating in the future energy system==<br /> <br /> ===Efficiency===<br /> '''Advanced page: [[Efficiency]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Sector coupling===<br /> '''Advanced page: [[Sector coupling]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> === Smart Energy Systems ===<br /> Definition of smart energy system is '''proposed in [3]''' as follows “a system in which smart electricity, thermal and gas grids are combined and coordinated to identify synergies between them to achieve an optimal solution for each individual sector as well as for the overall energy system”.<br /> <br /> '''NOTE FROM GENERAL ASSEMBLY - The role of DH as an enabler for circulating resources in society.'''<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[Smart Energy Systems]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> ===100% renewable energy systems===<br /> <br /> NOTE FROM GENERAL ASSEMBLY - 100% renewable and/or waste heat DH systems. Don't forget the waste heat please.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[100% Renewable Energy Systems]]'''</div>

KarlSperling https://rewardheat-wiki.hawk.de/index.php?title=What_is_district_heating_and_the_different_types%3F&diff=84 2024-05-08T11:26:20Z

<p>KarlSperling: </p> <hr /> <div>'''[[Main Page|HOME]]'''<br /> <br /> [[What is district heating and the different types?]]<br /> <br /> [[What are the different types of heat supply options?]]<br /> <br /> [[What is the role of district heating in the future energy system?]]<br /> <br /> [[How to plan low temperature district heating systems?]]<br /> <br /> == Introduction ==<br /> <br /> NOTE FROM GENERAL ASSEMBLY '''''&quot;Instead of using the term &quot;generations&quot; consider a definition accoording to the technology: HTDH Temperature level can be used with HEX for DHW and SH. LTDH: Temperature level can be used with HEX for SH has to be boosted fro DHW. ATDH: Temperature level has to be boosted with HP for SH and DHW&quot;'''''<br /> <br /> District heating systems can be divided in various ways based upon their characteristics (most commonly network temperatures). There are various types of district heating with different [[What are the different types of heat supply options?|heating sources]]. <br /> <br /> Reduction of supply temperatures brings additional benefits to an overall energy system. They should be considered when developing new ULTDH and NTDH systems since these changes enable operational cost reduction and increase economic feasibility of the needed investments.<br /> <br /> District heating can be built in different urban environments, including new areas, current areas etc. <br /> [[File:Range of urban envi2.png|right|frameless]]<br /> For DH networks in transition, some authors recommend the use of 65-70°C as the optimal forward temperature for DH networks, since lower temperatures require high investment, among others DH booster HP units in each dwelling.<br /> <br /> When estimating the potential for the integration of renewable energy sources in district heating and cooling systems, the type of system and development stage is of large significance. Here, we categorize DH systems into:<br /> # Existing conventional DH system<br /> # Existing LTDH system<br /> # Potential LTDH system in existing town<br /> # Potential LTDH system as a green field project<br /> For existing systems, it is very important to consider what type of energy supply is already present, as it is the replacement of the existing supply that determines the feasibility of potential new supply. It is also important to distinguish between a LTDH system or conventional DH system, as this will influence the feasibility of many heat sources. In new potential LTDH systems the supply needs to be able to compete with other individual supply alternatives. In an existing town, it is important to examine if the buildings are compatible with LTDH (temperature range 50-70 °C) or need refurbishments. In green field projects, the planning of new buildings or building refurbishment and LTDH supply should be carried out in a coordinated manner. Finally, it should be mentioned that waste heat recovery and integration of renewable energy sources can also happen in ULTDH (Ultra Low Temperature District Heating) and NTDH (Neutral Temperature District Heating). ULTDH is at a temperature level (as low as 45 °C) high enough to supply space heating in new buildings, but needs heat pump boosting for domestic hot water, while NTDH is at a temperature level (in the range of 15-35 °C) that needs heat pump boosting for, both space, heating and domestic hot water.<br /> <br /> * Download the database of existing next-generation DHC networks [https://zenodo.org/record/6390223/files/REWARDHeat%20D2.1_Database_NTDH%2CULTDH%2CLTDH.xlsx?download=1 here]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==District heating and the different types==<br /> <br /> === Conventional district heating (3GDH) ===<br /> Conventional district heating systems are characterized by high temperatures of water in the system and use of fossil fuels as [[What are the different types of heat supply options?|heat sources]]. These two characteristics cause: dependency on foreign countries that export fossil fuels, excessive emissions of CO2 and high heat losses in the thermal network. So, to reduce these negative effects, or even to eliminate them, new district systems are being developed. They are usually named as follows: low temperature (LTDH), ultra-low - (ULTDH) and neutral temperature (NTDH) district heating system. Operating temperatures of these systems are much lower than in conventional district heating systems which enables incorporation of low-temperature renewable energy and waste heat sources in the thermal network.<br /> <br /> The main difference between mentioned district heating systems is the supply network temperatures and end-user substation type. Depending on temperature of the network, different consumer substation for space heating (SH), space cooling (SC), and domestic hot water (DHW) preparation are used. It must be noted that there is no universal definition of these systems regarding network temperatures, system configuration or consumer substations because these systems are still developing.<br /> <br /> Supply temperature reduction improves performance of renewable heating technologies, either by direct utilization (e.g., solar thermal collectors) or by use of heat pumps. Furthermore, temperature reduction has positive influence on central heat supply units, such as cogeneration and heat-only boilers. Finally, it gives possibility for decreased heat losses in distribution networks.<br /> <br /> On the other hand, low temperature DH systems have lower temperature difference between supply and return lines. Thus, it is subject to increased investment and pump operation due to the larger volume flow rate for a fixed heat delivery. Besides this, there are additional aspects which should be considered when developing ULTDH and NTDH networks, such as additional investments needed for substation and decentralised heat booster technologies.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Conventional district heating (3GDH) ]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> === Low temperature district heat (4GDH) ===<br /> In LTDH systems temperatures can reach up to 75°C. LTDH network supply temperatures are mostly in range between 55 and 70°C. These temperatures are high enough for space heating and theoretically for domestic hot water preparation. To enable DHW preparation with such supply temperatures, instantaneous heat exchangers and district heating storage units on primary side are being implemented at the consumer substation.<br /> <br /> LTDH systems are usually considered as the fourth generation of district heating (4DH), the term coined by '''Henrik Lund et al [1].'''. The evolution of DH systems is shown in '''Figure 1'''. It can be noticed that every next generation follows supply temperature reduction and increase of energy efficiency, due to lower distribution heat losses. [[File:Generations of district heat.png|frameless|right]]<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Low temperature district heat (4GDH) ]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> === Ultra low temperature district heat (5GDH) ===<br /> In ULTDH up to 50°C. ULTDH systems achieve network temperatures up to around 50°C. These temperatures are high enough to satisfy consumer space heating needs, but for the domestic hot water preparation booster device is needed to prevent Legionella growth. Different technologies could be used for temperature boosting such as heat pumps, electrical heaters, solar collectors, boilers, etc.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Ultra low temperature district heat (5GDH) ]]'''<br /> <br /> <br /> === Neutral temperature district heat (5GDH) ===<br /> In NTDH up to 35°C. NTDH systems have such low temperatures (up to 35°C) which are not high enough both for space heating and domestic hot water preparation. So, every consumer substation is equipped with booster heat pumps to rise temperatures to desired levels needed for SH and DHW preparation. Due to the low temperature regime, these systems also offer the possibility of SC. Furthermore, these networks can enable bidirectional energy exchange between supplier and customer.<br /> <br /> NTDH networks in smart energy systems enable power-heating sector coupling through heat pumps, solar thermal and photovoltaics integration. Secondly, they can offer bi-directional energy exchange between network and the users. This could be revolutionary aspect since the thermal price is not the main economic driver anymore. Both network operator and end-user can have benefits of such configuration. Thirdly, NTDH can potentially have interconnection with the gas sector. For example, biomethane could be used as a back-up boiler or integrated with DHW production in multi-purpose heat pump. In combination with thermal storage, it can offer great flexibility.<br /> <br /> '''Advanced page: [[ Neutral temperature district heat (5GDH) ]]'''</div>

KarlSperling